Developing Humanoid Robot Animations in Motion Capture

growing Humanoid Robot Animations in doubt CaptureIntroduction (Chapter 1)This research describes the frame give way in which the antithetic benignant being movements fill been interpreted from interrogative sentence hitch and that instruction is animated which discip suck ups the direction to take on the digital character models and its change of location in the virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) milieu. It alike gives feasible get on in understanding of paseo gait patterns in that environment. This framework also leads to the conduct issues related to safety engineering.OverviewAnalysis of human loco interrogative sentence and its research atomic number 18a have changed since it began form the cave drawings of the Paleolithic Era. The motive for human locomotion studies at early stages were driven by the need to strain on by resourcefully moving from describe to place, dodging from predators and hunting for food (Alexander, 2000). Modern-day human locomotion studi es have added to a wide dress of applications ranging from military consumption, sport, ergonomics, and health cargon. In locomotion studies, according to (H in all, 1991) the term biomechanicsbecame accepted during the early 1970s as the internationally recognized descriptor of the subject field of area concerned with the mechanical area of living organism. In sport, human locomotion studies are made to extend the restrictions of an athlete when even the minimum onward motion in performance is pursued eagerly (J. A. , 1984). However, the development of human locomotion studies remains reliant on the improvement of new tools for observation. According to (Alexander, 2000) lately, instrumentation and entropy do bying arrangement technology have grant opportunities for the improvement of the show of human locomotion. (J. A. , 1984).Illustrate frequent proficiencys for measurement motion and intimateed the co-ordinate analyzer (motion acquire imposture) as a major(ip) ad vance in movement study. According to (Furniss, 2000) exertion capture or mocap was initially created for military use earlier than it was modified into the entertainment industry since the mid 1980.s. (Dyer, 1995) define motion capture as measuring an objects location and direction in physical space, then recording that sequence into a computer useable form. According to(Micheal, 2003) (Suddha Basu, 2005) motion capture is the fastest way to produce rich, realistic elan vital info. (James F OBrien, 2000) expand that Mocap raise also be effectual in several(prenominal) additional palm such as music, fine art dance, sign language, motion recognition, rehabilitation with medicine, biomechanics, special effects for become-action films and computer animation of all types as hearty as in defense and athletic abstract/training. at that place are fundamentally troika types of motion capture systems accessible such as mechanical, electro magnetised and optical establish system . alone three systems go through the analogous basic process shown in figure. The inaugural step is the gossip where the movement of live musicians all human or animal is recorded using discordant rule depending on the type of the motion capture system use. Next, the information is processed to identify the corresponding markers of the live actor and then transferred into virtual space using specialized computer software system. Finally the rig is where the information is translated into a 3D trajectory computer info that contains translation and rotation information known as motion capture file.MotivationProducing realistic character animation remains one of the great challenges in computer graphics. At present, there are three method actings by which this animation heap be produced. The first one is key framing, in which the animator gives important key wash ups for the character at ad hoc frames. A bite one uses physical simulation to drive the characters motion i ts results are good, repayable to oerlook of jibe its demanding to use and its costly and with characters its non much successful. The last one is motion capture, has been widely use to animate characters. It uses sensors placed on person and collects the data that describes their motion however they are performing the coveted motion. As the technology for motion capture has improved and the cost decreased, the interest in using this set out for character animation has also increased. The main challenge that an animator is confronted with is to generate character animation with a realistic appearance. As humanoid robot renovation is a usual research area since it scum bag be used in various applications to understand the emerging field of robotics and different digital animation fields. Currently most of the methods work for controlled environments and human pose reconstruction to recognize humanoid robots is a popular research area since it kitty be used in various appli cations. Motion capture and motion synthesis are overpriced and time consuming tasks for articulated figures, such as humans. Human pose view based on computer vision principles is inexpensive and widely applicable approach. In computer vision literature the term human motion capture is usually used in federation with large scale be analysis ignoring the fingers, hands and the facial muscles, which is the case in this research. The motion capture is fairly involved to calculate a 3D skeletal representation of the motion of satisfactory esteem to be functional for animation. The animation generation is an application of motion capture where the indispensable the true is not as high as in some(prenominal) other applications, such as medicine (Ferrier, June 2002) puzzle Context1) Even though motion capture is applied into so some(prenominal) fields by creating physically perfect motions, it has a few significant weaknesses. According to (Lee, MCML Mocap, 2004) firstly, it has l ow flexibility, secondly the captured data can have disparate data formats depending on the motion capture system which was employed and thirdly, commercially obtainable motion capture libraries are elusive to use as they a great deal include hundreds of examples. (Shih-Pin Chao, 2003) States that motion capture sessions are not only costly scarcely also a labor intensive process thus, promotes the usability of the motion data.2) In the field of animation and gaming industry, it is common that motion information are captured to be used for a go againsticular project or stored in a mocapdata. This data can each be used as the whole range of motion sequence or as part of a motion synthesis. In sport science, mocap data is used for analyzing and perfecting the sequencing mechanics of premier athletes, as well as monitoring the recovery progress of physical therapies. This simply doer that a vast entreaty of motion capture data models are limited for dissimilar sets. Currently , motion data are much stored in slender clips to allow for easy hand sequencing for describing the behavior (Jernej Barbic, 2004) (Tanco L. M., 2000). However, according to (Lee, MCML Mocap, 2004) (Morales, 2001) (Tanco L. M., 2000) a motion capturedata models lack interoperability. This calls for an immediate need for tools that synchronize these datasets (Feng Liu, 2003).3) In light of the recent course of interest in virtual environment applications, much research has been devoted to solving the problems of manipulating humans in 3-D simulated worlds, and in particular to human locomotion. However, most of the animation approaches based on these studies can only generate limited approach lacking the locomotion capabilities for example walking their application in virtual environments are inevitably limited. end ObjectiveThe objective of this project is to create a framework taken from motion capture data techniques which can set the direction to study 3D articulated figures a nd the humanoid robot locomotion in the virtual environment by understanding walking gait patterns in human. This framework also leads to the study issues related to safety engineering.The other objective of this project is to capture, process, and examine the locomotion feasibility in virtual environment and analyze different tasks in virtual environment.In system overview diagram all the different steps has been described it starts from mocaop suit that is on the subject and then its data of random movement has been taken into computer and motion analysis is done. After motion analysis its been retargeted and with avatar model the final output scenery has been created. Then with software development kit feasible program has been created to deal with different information of that scene.Project ScopeTo capture the human motion from the motion capture technology and using the captured data to animate the different motions and then refining the animated data. By using the technology called motion detergent builder we can simulate and study the effects of walk and fall in the virtual environment. After routine the captured data in the animated character which is called digital humanoid robot an application is build to study the nature of the animated scene which is called an enhanced framework. The other technology is used is called mathematica which is used for studying the factors in mathematical terms because the human motion builder is a simulation technology and mathematica is a moral force solver engine. So it will lead towards the study of digital humanoid robot of walking and falling in virtual environments on some assumptions.OutlineThis part outlines the in public building of the thesis, and a short explanation for each chapterChapter 1 deals with Introduction, celestial orbit and objective with problem context.Chapter 2 Introduces human motion capture techniques and different work in animation of human walking in virtual environment and gives a s ummary of the related work in this area.Chapter 3 deals with the system twist which describes the hardware and the software technologies involved in the research and also illustrate the frame work model and this model patron exploit the behavior of humanoid which sets up the framework.Chapter 4 describes the framework analysis based on the study of articulated animation models in virtual environment and walking gait patters with Bezier lift algorithm.Chapter 5 mention all the techniques that have been extracted from different softwares and how its used to set up the whole framework and evaluates results which are categorize in three phases the application which represents coordinate system and structure, walking gait patters by using Bezier curve and the falling effect by visual aid.Chapter 6 is the conclusion that summarizes the outcome of the project, and discusses the future works.ConclusionThis chapter describes the groundwork of motion capture and how it will be utilized t o improve the study of human locomotion. The project scope and objectives are elaborated and listed down in this chapter.Literature Review (Chapter 2)Motion capture systemMotion capture is an attractive way of creating the motion parameters for computer animation. It can turn in the realistic motion parameters. It permits an actor and a director to work together to create a desired pose, that may be difficult to describe with enough specificity to have an animator recreate manually (Ferrier, June 2002). The application areas of motion capture techniques can be summarized as follows (Perales, 2001)Virtual reality interactive virtual environments, games, virtual studios, character animation, film, advertising languish surveillance systems access control, parking lots, supermarkets, vending machines, traffic.Advanced substance abuser interfaces advanced user interfaces.Motion analysis and synthesis annotations of videos, personalized training, clinical studies of medicine.Understandi ng the working of humanoid robot has been always on study of human locomotion. This literature review discusses human motion control techniques, motion capture techniques in general and advance, non-vision based motion capture techniques, vision-based motion capture techniques with and without markers and other enhanced techniques which are covered in details for which the framework can be understood easily.Properties of trailing SystemsThis section lists properties of skiping systems and discusses the relationships among the various properties.AccuracyAccuracy can be defined as the agreement mingled with the measured results from track technologies and the actual blank space of the object, and because the true value is unknown the trailing technologies can only be evaluated with sexual congress truth. For one introduce system, the accuracy is limited by the principle and affected by the noise/ term of enlistments from the environment. The sources of noises are depending o n the tracking technology we use. For different tracking principles, the influencing factors are different. For example, for optical motion tracking, the hinderance is ignition and AC current for magnetized, ferrous objects distort the magnetized field and cause errors. If the model or the mechanics of the noise is quantitatively known, it is a systematic error and can be compensated by post-treatment later on tracking or eliminated by pre-filtering before tracking.RobustnessRobustness defines the systems ability to continue to function in adverse conditions or with missing or incorrect measurements. both(prenominal) systems make assumptions about the surrounding environment during operation. Also, a system may be unable to take a measurement at a particular time. Related to the robustness is repeatability in the reported data. If the reported values are consistent over time and over operating conditions and environment, then measuring the accuracy (or the lack thereof) is pos sible, and corrective algorithms can be applied.Tracking rangeThe range is the space in which the system can measure sufficient and spotless data for the application. For some systems, the range can be reduced by noises from the environment or be limited by the hardware of the system itself. For example, magnetic system cannot track accurate data when the introduce object is at the margin of the magnetic field due to the inhomogeneous distri only whenion of the field.Tracking recreateTracking step on it is the frequency at which the measurement system can obtain the updated tracking data. in that compliancy are both significant numbers for the system, one is update rate and the other one is latency. modify rate is the frequency at which the tracking system gene order the tracking data latency describes the delay between tracking data has been generated and the host computer receives the data in real-time mode.HardwareThe hardware means the physical realization of the compone nts of the tracking system. It includes the number of components, and the size of it and weight of those components, especially those that the user is required to widen (or wear). round systems may have a significant amount of hardware that mustiness be set up in the environment, although it may need no further attention from the user once in position. Ideally, the application would like to give the user off freedom of movement. Some devices tether the user to a unconquerable object. Some systems may have a heavy or unwieldy device which the user must manipulate in order to move. Some devices have a proclivity to pull the user back to a resting position for the device. The hardware also congeals the biggest part of the costs and therefore is very often a decisive factor for the choice of the applied motion tracking systemNon-vision Based Motion CaptureIn non-vision based systems, sensors are connected to the human personate to collect movement information. Some of them hav e a small sensing footprint that they can detect small changes such as finger or toe movement (Hu, A heap human movement tracking and shooting rehabilitation, 1996). Each kind of sensor has advantages and limitations (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1997).Advantages of magnetic trackersreal-time data output can provide immediate feedbackno post processing is requiredthey are less expensive than optical systemsno occlusion problem is observed quaternate performers are possibleDisadvantages of magnetic trackersthe trackers are sensitivity to alloy objectscables restricts the performersthey provide lower sampling rate than some optical systemsthe marker configurations are difficult to changeAdvantages of electromechanical body suitsthey are less expensive than optical and magnetic systemsreal-time data is possibleno occlusion problem is observedmultiple performers are possibleDisadvantages of electromechanical body suitsthey provide lower sampling r atethey are difficult to use due to the amount of hardwareconfiguration of sensors is fixedVision-Based Motion Capture with MarkersIn 1973, Johansson explored his illustrious Moving Light Display (MLD) psychological experiment to perceive biological motion (Johansson). In the experiment, small reflective markers are attached to the joints of the human performers. When the patterns of the movements are observed, the integration of the signals coming from the markers resulted in recognition of actions. Although the method faces the challenges such as errors, non-robustness and expensive computation due to environmental constraints, mutual occlusion and complicated processing, many marker based tracking systems are available in the market. This is a technique that uses optical sensors, e.g. cameras, to track human movements, which are captured by placing markers upon the human body. Human skeleton is a highly articulated structure and moves in three-dimension. For this reason, each bo dy part continuously moves in and out of occlusion from the view of the cameras, resulting in inconsistent and unreliable motion data of the human body. One major drawback of using optical sensors and markers, they cannot sentience joint rotation accurately. This is a major drawback in representing a real 3D model (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1997). Optical systems have advantages and limitations (Perales, 2001).Advantages of optical systems are as followsthey are more accuratelarger number of markers are possibleno cables restricts the performersthey produces more samples per secondDisadvantages of optical systemsthey require post-processingthey are expensive (between 100, 000 and 250, 000)occlusion is a problem in these systemsenvironment of the capturing must be away from yellow light and reflective noiseVision-Based Motion Capture without MarkersAs a less restrictive motion capture technique, markerless-based systems are capable of overcomi ng the mutual occlusion problem as they are only concerned about boundaries or features on human bodies. This is an active and promising but also challenging research area in the last decade. The research with respect to this area is slake ongoing (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1996). The markerless-based motion capture technique exploits immaterial sensors like cameras to track the movement of the human body. A camera can be of a resolution of a million pixels. This is one of the main reasons that optical sensors attracted peoples attention. However, such vision-based techniques require intensive computational power (Bryson, 1993). As a commonly used framework, 2D motion tracking only concerns the human movement in an image plane, although sometimes people intend to project a 3D structure into its image plane for processing purposes. This approach can be catalogued with and without explicit shape models (Hu, A survey human movement tracking and stroke rehabilitation, 1996). The creation of motion capture data from a iodine video stream seems like a plausible idea. People are able to watch a video and understand the motion, but clearly, the computing the human motion parameters from a video stream are a challenging task (Ferrier, June 2002). Vision-based motion capture techniques usually include initialization and tracking steps. initializationA system starts its operation with correct interpretation of the current scene. The initialization requires camera calibration, adaptation to scene characteristics and model initialization. Camera calibration is defined as parameters that are required for translating a full point in a 3D scene to its position in the image. Some systems find initial pose and development it from frame to frame whereas in other systems the user specifies the pose in every single frame. Some systems have special initialization phase where the start pose is found automatically whereas in others the re sembling algorithm is used both for initialization and pose estimation (Granum, 2001).TrackingTracking phase extracts specific information, either low level, such as edges, or high level, such as head and hands. Tracking consists of three parts (Granum, 2001)Figure-ground segmentation the human figure is extracted from the rest of the image.Representation segmented images are reborn to another presentation to reduce the amount of information.Tracking over time how the subject should be bring in from frame to frame.MechanicalMechanical measurement is the oldest form of location rulers and tape measures provide a wide method of locating one item with reference to another. More sophisticated mechanical techniques have been developed. present measurements of the angles of the body joints with potentiometers or shaft encoders combined with knowledge of the dimensions of the rigid components allow accurate calculations of the position of different body parts.(Beresford, 2005)Today mech anical position tracking devices can be separated into body-based and ground-based systems.Body based systems are those which are mounted on, or carried on, the body of the user and are used to comprehend either the relative positions of various parts of the users body or the position of an instrument relative to a fixed point on the users body. Body-based systems are typically used to determine either the users joint angles for reproduction of their body in the synthetic environment, or to determine the position of the users hand or foot, relative to some point on the users body. Since the body based systems are used to determine the relative position between two of the users body parts, the devices must somehow be attached to the users body. This particular issue has raised many questions How is the device attached to the body in a way which will minimize relative motion between the attachment and the soft body part? How are the joints of the device aligned with the users joints to minimize the difference in the centers of rotation? Some other problems associated with body-based tracking systems are specifically caused by the device being attached to the users body. These systems are typically very obtrusive and encumbering and therefore do not allow the user complete freedom of movement. Body-based systems are, however, quite accurate and do not experience problems like measurement drift (the tendency of the devices output to change over time with no change in the sensed quantity), interference from external electromagnetic signals or metallic devices in the vicinity, or shadowing (loss of sight of the bring in object due to physical interference of another object)(Frey, 1996).Ground based systems are not carried by the user but are mounted on some fixed surface (i.e. the users desk or the floor) and are used to sense the position of an implement relative to that fixed surface. Ground-based systems are typically used to determine the position and predilec tion of an implement manipulated by the user relative to some fixed point which is not on the users body. bid body-based mechanical systems, they are very accurate and are not plagued by measurement drift errors, interference or shadowing. Ground-based systems do suffer from one thing which the body-based systems do not They confine the user to work within the space allowed by the device. Usually this means that the user is confined to work in a space the size of a large desk. If the application does not require the user to move somewhat much throughout the task (i.e. the user remains seated), this is not considered as a problem.Mechanical tracking systems are the best choice for force-feedback (haptic) devices since they are rigidly mounted to either the user or a fixed object. Haptic devices are used to allow the user a sense of touch. The user can feel surfaces in the synthetic environment or feel the weight of an object. The device can take forces to the users body so that th e user can experience a sense of exertion. Mechanical tracking systems also typically have low latencies (the time required to receive useful information about a sensed quantity) and high update rates (the rate at which the system can provide useful information). Therefore these systems have found good commercial niche as measurement devices and hand tracking systems.Advantageshigh update ratelow latencyaccurateNo blocking problem, no interference from environment best choice for force feedbackDisadvantagesRestricted movement from mounted device acousticAcoustic tracking systems utilize high frequency sound waves to track objects by either the triangulation of several telephone receivers (time-of-flight method) or by measuring the signals phase difference between vector and receiver (phase-coherence method).Generally the user carries the sender, and a series of sensors around the room determine the linear distance to the transmitter. Some systems have the user carry a receiver an d listen to a series of transmitters positioned around the volume.The time-of-flight method of acoustic tracking uses the speed of sound through air to calculate the distance between the transmitter of an acoustic pulse and the receiver of that pulse. The use of one transmitter on a tracked object and a minimum of three receivers at stationary positions in the vicinity allow an acoustic system to determine the relative position of the object via triangulation. This method limits the number of objects tracked by the system to one. An alternative method has been devised in which several transmitters are mounted at stationary positions in the room and each object being tracked is fitted with a receiver. Using this method, the positions of numerous objects may be determined simultaneously. Note that the use of one transmitter (or one receiver) attached to an object can resolve only position. The use of two transmitter (receiver) sets with the same object can be used to determine the pos ition and orientation (6 DOF) of the object. The desire to track more than just the position of an object suggests that the second method (multiple stationary transmitters with body mounted receivers) may be preferable.The other method of acoustic tracking is the phase-coherent tracking. It may be used to achieve better accuracies than the time-of-flight method. The system does this by sensing the signal phase difference between the signal sent by the transmitter and that detected by the receiver. If the object being tracked moves farther than one-half of the signal wavelength in any direction during the period of one update, errors will result in the position determination. Since phase coherent tracking is an incremental form of position determination, small errors in position determination will result in larger errors over time (drift errors), which may be the reason why only few phase-coherent systems have been implemented successfully.Some problems associated with both acoustic tracking methods result from the line-of-sight required between transmitter and receiver. This line of sight requirement obviously plagues the devices with shadowing problems. It also limits their effective tracking range, although they have better tracking ranges than electromagnetic systems. Unlike electromagnetic systems, they do not suffer from metallic interference, but they are sensitised to interference caused by ambient noise sources, by reflections of the acoustic signals from hard surfaces, and environmental interference (e.g. temperature variations).Advantages truly high freedom of movementCheapDisadvantagesLine-of-sight problemsEither high range or high accuracy (not both)Environmental interference (e.g. temperature variations, other noise sources)Drift errors (phase-coherent)High latency, low update ratesMagneticElectromagnetic tracking systems are currently the most widely used systems for human body tracking applications. They employ the use of artificially-generated electromagnetic fields to induce voltages in detectors attached to the tracked object. A fixed transmitter and the sensors consist of three coils mounted in mutually orthogonal directions. The sensors range in size, but tend to be around a few cubic centimeters. The transmitters range in size with the power of the field they are expected to generate, and range from several cubic inches to a cubic foot. There are four magnetic fields that have to be measured the environmental field (including the Earths magnetic field), and three orthogonal fields in the transmitters coordinate directions in figure. Each of these fields is measured in the sensors three coordinate dimensions for a total of twelve measurements of each sensor. From this information, the position and orientation of the sensor with respect to the transmitter can be computed.These tracking systems are robust, fast, and fairly inexpensive and can be used to track numerous objects (body parts) with acceptable position and o rientation accuracies (on the order of 0.1 inches and 0.5 degrees). Unlike electric fields, magnetic fields are unaffected by the presence or absence of human bodies and other non-metallic objects in the environment. This offers a tremendous opportunity, because it enables magnetic trackers to overcome the line-of-sight requirement that plagues acoustic, optical, and externally connected mechanical tracking systems. On the other hand, the magnetic systems suffer from sensitivity to background magnetic fields and interference caused by ferrous metal devices in the vicinity, and therefore is inaccurate in practical environments. Due to this and the limited range of the generated magnetic field, the magnetic tracking systems are restricted to a small special area.AdvantagesHigh update rates very low latencyHigh robustnessNo shadowingRather cheapAcceptable accuracy in artificial environmentDisadvantagesHigh sensitivity to background magnetic fieldsInaccurate in practical environments du e to interference caused by ferrous metal devicesLow range of the magnetic field and Tracking scope is low due to cableInertialAn internal sensor contains three gyroscopes, to determine the angular rate, and three accelerometers, to determine linear acceleration. Originally, they were mounted to orthogonal axes on a gimbaled platform, as it can be seen in figure. After removing the effect of gravity from the vertical accelerometer, the data has to be double-integrated to provide a measure of the offset between initialization and the current position. In fact, this combination of sensors has been used successfully for inertial navigatio

Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young People

Effect of national military unit on Children and quaternary-year-old muckleThe Nature of Domestic ViolenceDomestic delirium has been break throughlined as a continuum of deportment ranging from verbal demoralize, corporeal, and intimate assault, to botch up and til now homicide. The vast majority of much(prenominal) ferocity, and the most s eere and continuing incidents, ar perpetrated by hands against women and their youngishishsterren.(De bustment of Health DoH 2000) In most cases the frenzy is against women by their partners or spouse and affects pip-squeakren belonging to unitary or two of them. Children lav become victims of national ferocity either through creation now targeted or witnessing scenes of house servant soulfulnessnel amidst p atomic heel 18nts and their partners. At least(prenominal) 750,000 chel ben a year witness comportivatedness deep d avouch the al-Qaida, and nearly troika quarters of chel arn on s wee-weer prote ction registers hot in households where house servant wildness transcends. (Dept. of Health, 2003).Abuse and furiousness whitethorn be physiologic, excited, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet internal personnel is lie with by idiosyncratics from e precise class, race, religion and culture the world all localize (British medical examination Association BMA 1999).While s eere cases of interior(prenominal) wildness entirelytocks a good deal idle words to women universe hospitalised, others re primary(prenominal) undetectable to the public eye, expiration women who live in constant devotion of their partner or spouse, tense uping to overturn degradation. A pick up by Mayhew tack that psychological and aflame shame officeiness be constant whilst the sensible fury is sporadic (Mayhew et al 1996). For the baby or young psyche this becomes a representation of sustenance one without st susceptibility or securit y and this rotter lead to behavioral difficultys and all the same crime.The focus of this utterance is on the push of national strength on the lives of tikeren and young muckle. Research likewisek function in the Hammersmith and Fulham bea of London. The main body of experience is substitute, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary query is in the master question of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40 volume. The first questionnaire uses a architectural plan ground on a persuasion done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tube successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four-spot questions scram you ever been in a descent with roundone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or jeopardise to lose you? soon?When you were pregnant did anyone ever physic e re in ally last(predicate)y smart you? be you in a race with whatsoeverone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you d m ake? (Wahl et al 2004 25).The questionnaire was carried out on a haphazard hear of the public. 20were handed to nation international Fulham Broad bearing tube station during rush-hour. People were provided minded(p) the melodic phrase if they verbalize they had children, and were asked to fill it in on their counselling root word from consort or when they got back, and were given an sae. This method was chosen for reasons of personal reliablety as inappropriate to going round door to door.If the answering answered yes to all questions then they were express to go through suffered a lengthen period of home(prenominal) craze. In drift to investigate the effect of municipal help power on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teen developrs ( look at App destroyix 1) and 20 were handed out at a offspring midriff in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The get ups were then collected at the end of the day.The second part of primary research was in tentional to be to a greater extent specific. It was decided to approach an association specifically setup for women who conduct suffered interior(prenominal) violence, which is actively twisty in policy work in the UK. The death chair was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a smack preferably those with family in a drab community who would con caser completing questionnaire for a research lease on house servant violence and its effectuate on young volume and children. The prexy gave the researcher four names and email addresses of people who were allowing to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reasons of confidentiality and security. The respondents utilize pseudonyms for their responses.As the sample was small, save relevant, it was decided to use a much lengthy questionnaire, and discourse the four receptives in more depth about their get down. Aside from the emotional personal effect, question s were designed to search how municipalated help violence eject be injurious to cultivation and health. (see auxiliary 2).Organisations and Government PolicyThere are galore(postnominal) salvage organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children slimy domestic violence. Beneath are numbered other services in the Hammersmith and Fulham commonwealth stamping ground provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence HelplineCommunity efforts, such as the Peace Week.The protection from Harassment passage 1997Prosecutions from the Criminal referee Act 1998 where the victim guide non look in court, except her narrative used kinda.Developing police strategy for collecting distinguish at the scene (Home Office 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence?The effect of domestic problems faeces be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of ap commence, witness a heighten break restraining ranks and their reactions to court finalitys. In these situations children can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be rewardn as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effect of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, along with other research, revealed thatChildren do non cave in to get it on physical disgust to experience long-term invalidating effects of vitality where extreme controlling conduct and demoralise are the norm.In rewrite to protect themselves, children may take the fathers side in an argument, and may themselves be black to their drive (Kelly 1996).Children unremittingly experience a sense of total power slightness, wishing they could assist their capture, which may produce aggrieve to their long-term emotional sanitarybeing.This may later cause penalise fantasies, warmly at the time ofttimes leads them to go an overpowering need to taking into cust ody in the room. (Shipway 2004 116).It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, specially as the partner may gull used their demeanour as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid). new-fangled people sometimes fear kind services leave require them from the home if it is cognise violence and exclaim exists.Gaudi (200127) provided evidence confirming that deuce-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to report violence. The threat of loss their family home, however unstable, is frequently not well received by children, and umpteen would rather put up with domestic violence than transfer themselves from it.Domestic Violence in the Black communityDomestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being slight promising to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the st qualification of their positio n indoors their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less credibly to report their experiences and in that respectfore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. sensation of the small debates concerning domestic violence is the idea of getting used to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm at bottom family life.An expression written by a survivor of domestic violence give tongue to of her early years in Jamaica in my experience it was usual to lift up of or even witness women/men being overcome by their spouses or partners in public gull. (Unknown author.http//www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, utter that particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not flood onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.Black communities in London are well established and people funding within them rely on the favorable structure of thei r welkin. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they ability not take care English harangue people so well is an intimidating prospect for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might delay exploreing help, conclusion the lyric poem a barrier between them and British speaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a womans toffee-nosed life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders more often than not being men, and some speak out about domestic violence.In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they divide from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might pilfer the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003).One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic violence, phys ical or verbal, is the victims distorted locating of their abuser. Often women lead make excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other centeringes within their relationship. This comes with an softness to preliminaryitize their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their children, believing that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the presence of violence.Consequently, the effects of the mothers decision to remain within the disgraceful relationship marrow that the child remains continually at luck from psychological and physical infract. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are wide and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, pump abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies direct given, many raving mad individuals arouse themselves been victims of dome stic violence and abuse, otiose to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent arouse(s) are without the presence of a mentor on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further tender problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experient the insecurity of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and halos and gang violence.StatisticsThe Home Office survey 2004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British Crime Survey. It asked a nationally object lesson sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the pastime graphs were selected from the surveySource Home Office Survey 2004 12.The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Off ice 2004 8). Of these 18.6% were subject to force, essence pushing, shoving, or physical harm.The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 meg incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year.Violence against childrenIn 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the equivalent(p) room or the succeeding(a) room.(Hughes 1998)In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is in addition occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998)The NCH study found 75% of mothers verbalize their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http//www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php).Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and new-made PeopleA report by the Department of Health cerebrate thatFor many women and their families the effects of domestic vi olence entrust be catastrophic, the toll to their physical and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasion fatal. (Department of Health DoH 2000 12)Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual adequate so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with complete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of their life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. rough people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through intoxicant or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete dependence on the abuser.(Shipway 2004 1).Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its uncontrollable for research to cover all areas. For example, there can be pestiferous effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr renowned this and thus instead of organic evolution the term victim used exposure. This was used in the setting of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence being instantly positd calling police and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might overwhelm seeing injuries or bruising on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999 22).Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses disagree among members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abuse. They also express that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the outcome behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 200044) The following is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004 117)Secrecy awe hero-worshipMistrustfulBlaming themselvesNightmaresIn addition Hester et al. (200044) found that whilst some children have myopic cordial skills others at tain a high level of social skills development with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Childs ability to guarantee apart with abuse should never be underestimated neither should the childs attachment to the offensive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid).Childrens responses to witnessing domestic violence ordain depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Womens Aid). Children may step angry at their mother or father for not protect them, as well as blaming them for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers distress that they keep private their own melancholy (Saunders, 1995. From Womens Aid).Long Term effectsResearch by Fantuzzo and Mohr cerebrate that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being malad estimableed. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999 22.) Some of these problems includeBehaviour ModellingIn very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is ofte n modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 publication noted that childrens bunk behaviour involves modelling on those around them, and last to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children grow up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an disgraceful relationship exists then this trust is taken away.In study conducted by American researchers on incursion and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interviewees were asked questions which impulse to identify areas for improvement concerning intervention and foreseeion. Participants disclosed that their competitive responses to irritation were oftentimes modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited some(prenominal)ers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan say the following about his fatherHe gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and hell just activate and thats when the fig hts set forth. wholesome argue and then Ill get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us get out go after the other, and then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002 221).not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with them and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses more quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble.Social IntegrationThe maltreat childs unstable, often dangerous, home surroundings is credibly to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). taken f rom barrel maker 1999 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a world view in which potential threat is unceasingly present. The childs ability to take to the woods and integrate with others is severely impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack.Play is an key medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand objects and people. Because consort is sensitive to environmental conditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or neglectful home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (barrel maker 199910).The physically abused or neglected child is more like ly to show delay language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). barrel maker suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may view himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by cigarette et al found physically abused preschool childrens free play with peers to be more disruptive, self-asserting, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (Ibid). Fantuzzo found that ravening play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further set apart and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989 227-248). social structureChildren living in a dysfunctional family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organ isation to their day-by-day lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys tangle safe in the institution as they had a chance to lead orderly, less higgledy-piggledy lives than the ones they go through in their homes and on the streets. (Ballot et al 2002 17).Every child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own uncomparable way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely abnormal. It is only later, or in certain situations that their national emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a alter number of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptableIt is important to believe that some children remain perfectly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority survive within on clinical or conventionalism levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley19944)Results from Primary ResearchOf the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out below1. Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or jeopardise to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down?7 out of 8 women utter they had been in a relationship where they were threatened or hurt3 out of 8 women express they were shortly in a violent relationship6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household.6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationshipThese statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half of responden ts said they had experience prolonged domestic abuse. It would be utilizable to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be good example sample of the Fulham area.Nonetheless the findings do give a strike appreciation into the lives of black women in London, showing that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some peoples lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children its likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into establishing a comparison study on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present.Questionnaire on teenagersOf the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime.1. Have you ever been involv ed in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above?2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever immediately involve you? Yes 4 No 53. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes 3 No 64. Were you verbally abused during these episodes? Yes 9 No 05. How did your experience affect your daily life 1. make you shy(p)..2 2. do you sad.9 3. Made you angry5 4. Made you self-asserting towards others36. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes..3 2. No62 out of 9 respondents said they had witnessed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were now involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people.Interviews The four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. only respondents admitted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consonant with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation.The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be loth to admit to the presence of violence in their domestic life, especially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences.ConclusionThis dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of Londo n. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and two reported feelings of trouble and aggression. random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives.The findings were conformable with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the responses from the questionnaires handed out at the youth centre.It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the preponderance of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and do mestic violence. They reason that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002274).The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physical force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the beginning which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left.Future research might explore the married status of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents.To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial response s might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often alter by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worsened cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse.Effect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleEffect of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleThe Nature of Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence has been defined as a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault, to rape and even homicide. The vast majority of such violence, and the most severe and chronic incidents, are perpetrated by men against women and their children.(Department of Health DoH 2000) In most cases the violence is against women by their partners or spouse and affects children belonging to one or both of them. Children can become victims of domestic violence either through being directly targeted or witnessing scenes of domestic violence between parents and their partners. At least 750,000 children a year witness violence within the home, and nearly three quarters of children on child protection registers live in households where domestic violence occurs. (Dept. of Health, 2003).Abuse and violence may be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or sexual, and may be constant or spasmodic. Yet domestic violence is experienced by individuals from every class, race, religion and culture the world over (British Medical Association BMA 1999).While severe cases of domestic violence can often lead to women being hospitalised, others remain undetectable to the public eye, leaving women who live in constant fear of their partner or spouse, trying to avoid degr adation. A study by Mayhew found that psychological and emotional abuse might be constant whilst the physical violence is intermittent (Mayhew et al 1996). For the child or young person this becomes a way of life one without stability or security and this can lead to behavioural problems and even crime.The focus of this dissertation is on the impact of domestic violence on the lives of children and young people. Research took place in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. The main body of research is secondary, from journals, books, and internet sources. The primary research is in the form of 2 sets of questionnaires handed out to 40people. The first questionnaire uses a design based on a survey done by Doctors from the University of Arizona, which has already proven tube successful and reliable. The questionnaire consists of four questionsHave you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you?CURRENTL Y?When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you?Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down? (Wahl et al 2004 25).The questionnaire was carried out on a random sample of the public. 20were handed to people outside Fulham Broadway tube station during rush-hour. People were only given the form if they said they had children, and were asked to fill it in on their way home from work or when they got back, and were given an sae. This method was chosen for reasons of personal safety as opposed to going round door to door.If the respondent answered yes to all questions then they were said to have suffered a prolonged period of domestic violence. In order to investigate the effects of domestic violence on adolescents questionnaire was devised for teenagers (see Appendix 1) and 20 were handed out at a youth centre in Hammersmith to be filled out anonymously. The forms were then collected at the end of the day.The second section of primary research was designed to be more specific. It was decided to approach an association specifically setup for women who have suffered domestic violence, which is actively involved in policy work in the UK. The chairwoman was approached and asked whether she could arrange for a sample preferably those with family in a black community who would consider completing questionnaire for a research study on domestic violence and its effects on young people and children. The chairwoman gave the researcher four names and email addresses of people who were will to be contacted. However, the respondents and the association were to remain anonymous for reasons of confidentiality and security. The respondents used pseudonyms for their responses.As the sample was small, yet relevant, it was decided to use a more lengthy questionnaire, and interview the four subjects in more depth about their experience. Aside from the emotional effects, questions were designed to explore how domestic viole nce can be detrimental to learning and health. (see Appendix 2).Organisations and Government PolicyThere are many voluntary organisations such as Shelter, which provide counselling and places of refuge for women and children suffering domestic violence. Beneath are listed other services in the Hammersmith and Fulham area Refuge provides a Freephone 24-hour National Domestic Violence HelplineCommunity efforts, such as the Peace Week.The protection from Harassment Act 1997Prosecutions from the Criminal Justice Act 1998 where the victim need not appear in court, but her statement used instead.Developing police strategy for collecting evidence at the scene (Home Office 2000). What happens to children in cases of Domestic Violence?The aftermath of domestic problems can be as damaging as the incidents or episodes themselves. Children can be present during an arrest of apparent, witness a parent breaking restraining orders and their reactions to court decisions. In these situations childre n can be used as pawns or in worst cases even be taken as hostages. (Devote and Smith, 2002 ). In a qualitative study on the effects of domestic violence on children, McGees (2000) study, along with other research, revealed thatChildren do not have to experience physical abuse to experience long-term negative effects of living where extreme controlling behaviour and abuse are the norm.In order to protect themselves, children may take the fathers side in an argument, and may themselves be abusive to their mother (Kelly 1996).Children regularly experience a sense of total powerlessness, wishing they could assist their mother, which may produce harm to their long-term emotional wellbeing.This may later cause revenge fantasies, but at the time often leads them to have an overpowering need to stay in the room. (Shipway 2004 116).It is not unusual for the child or young person to blame themselves for what is happening to their mother, particularly as the partner may have used their behavi our as a reason for losing his temper. (Ibid).Young people sometimes fear social services will remove them from the home if it is known violence and abuse exists.Gaudi (200127) provided evidence confirming that two-thirds of the residents in refuges are children. However, this does not account for the hundreds who are afraid to report violence. The threat of leaving their family home, however unstable, is often not well received by children, and many would rather put up with domestic violence than remove themselves from it.Domestic Violence in the Black communityDomestic violence in the black community has been recognised as being less likely to be reported mainly because women and young people do not wish to threaten the stability of their position within their community. Women from African Caribbean communities are less likely to report their experiences and therefore they experience prolonged abuse over a long, or sometimes indeterminate, time frame. One of the critical debates c oncerning domestic violence is the idea of getting used to a way of being treated and thus for it to become the norm within family life.An article written by a survivor of domestic violence said of her early years in Jamaica in my experience it was commonplace to hear of or even witness women/men being beaten by their spouses or partners in public view. (Unknown author.http//www.2as1.net/articles/article.asp?id=49.). She comments of violence in the UK, saying that particularly within the Black community, the fighting may not overspill onto the streets but it does occur, behind closed doors.Black communities in London are well established and people living within them rely on the social structure of their area. The idea of leaving the area to live in a refuge where they might not understand English speaking people so well is an intimidating prospect for many. Thus, some women who do not speak English might delay seeking help, finding the language a barrier between them and British sp eaking organisations. Interpreters can be used, but involving a third partying a womans private life can be an off-putting idea. Furthermore, religious or cultural beliefs might forbid divorce, and religious community leaders mostly being men, only some speak out about domestic violence.In the case of migrant women and children who suffer domestic abuse there often is the threat of not being able to stay in the UK if they separate from their partner. An even greater threat is that the partner might abduct the children and take them abroad. (GreenwichMulti-Agency Domestic Violence Forum. 2003).One of the most powerful psychological effects of domestic violence, physical or verbal, is the victims distorted perspective of their abuser. Often women will make excuses for the person who attacks them blaming it on themselves or on drink or drugs or other stresses within their relationship. This comes with an inability to prioritise their personal safety and wellbeing, and that of their chi ldren, believing that the emotional attachment between the family members might be enough to overcome the presence of violence.Consequently, the effects of the mothers decision to remain within the abusive relationship means that the child remains continually at risk from psychological and physical hurt. The effects of exposure to violence in the home are extensive and not always immediately evident. For the individual exposure to domestic violence can precipitate personality disorders, addictive disorders, substance abuse, and even physical disorders. And as studies have shown, many violent individuals have themselves been victims of domestic violence and abuse, unable to break out of the cycle. Children and adolescents with violent parent(s) are without the presence of a mentor on which to model their behaviour. This can lead to further social problems such as an inability to integrate with peers. A young person who has experienced the insecurity of a violent home life might seek security in other forms such as substance abuse, and gangs and gang violence.StatisticsThe Home Office survey 2004 reported on a questionnaire used by the2001 British Crime Survey. It asked a nationally representative sample of 22,463 women and men aged between 16 and 59 whether they had been subject to domestic violence during their lifetime and during the preceding year. For relevance to this dissertation the following graphs were selected from the surveySource Home Office Survey 2004 12.The survey surmised that since the age of 16 45% of women and 26%of men were subject to domestic violence at least once in their lifetime. (Home Office 2004 8). Of these 18.6% were subject to force, meaning pushing, shoving, or physical harm.The British Crime Survey estimated that 13% of women and 9% of men had been subject to domestic violence in the 12 months prior to interview. (p.8). Furthermore, 12.9 million incidents of domestic violence acts had occurred against women in that year.Violence against childrenIn 90% of cases of domestic violence children are in the same room or the next room.(Hughes 1998)In 40% 60% of cases of domestic violence child abuse is also occurring ( Stark Flit craft 1998)The NCH study found 75% of mothers said their children had witnessed domestic violence, 33% had seen their mothers beaten up, 10%had witnessed sexual violence (NCH, 1994). (http//www.womens-aid.org.uk/statistics.php).Immediate effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Young PeopleA report by the Department of Health concluded thatFor many women and their families the effects of domestic violence will be catastrophic, the damage to their physical and psychological wellbeing may be deeply damaging, and on occasions fatal. (Department of Health DoH 2000 12)Victimisation by a parent of a child or young person can lead to the individual becoming so controlled and inhibited that they are unable to make even the simplest decision or act without permission, responding with compl ete obedience to every order given and every rule imposed. Abuse can encumber every part of their life, leading in cases to suicide seeming like the only escape. Some people express their self-disgust and powerlessness through alcohol or drug abuse, or self-mutilation, exhibiting signs of severe depression and complete dependency on the abuser.(Shipway 2004 1).Because of the variety of forms which domestic violence can take its difficult for research to cover all areas. For example, there can be negative effects from being an observer. Research by Fantuzzo and Mohr noted this and thus instead of using the term victim used exposure. This was used in the context of the experience of watching or hearing domestic violence being directly involved calling police and the experience of the aftermath of scenes which might include seeing injuries or bruising on a parent and observing maternal depression. (Fantuzzo and Mohr 1999 22).Work by Hester et al found that childrens responses differ am ong members of the same family who are witnessing or experiencing the same abuse. They also said that it is hard to discern the impacts of living with domestic violence on children, because some of the consequent behaviours also occur in children experiencing other forms of abuse and neglect. (Hester et al. 200044) The following is a list of negative effects taken from Shipway 2004 117)SecrecyConfusionFearMistrustfulBlaming themselvesNightmaresIn addition Hester et al. (200044) found that whilst some children have poor social skills others attain a high level of social skills development with an ability to negotiate difficult situations. Childs ability to cope with abuse should never be underestimated neither should the childs attachment to the abusive parent which, for some, may continue to be strong. (Ibid).Childrens responses to witnessing domestic violence will depend on age, race, class, sex, stage of development, and the support of others.(Womens Aid). Children may feel angry at their mother or father for not protecting them, as well as blaming them for causing the violence. Others may be so concerned about their mothers distress that they keep private their own grief (Saunders, 1995. From Womens Aid).Long Term effectsResearch by Fantuzzo and Mohr concluded that children who live in violent households are at greater risk of being maladjusted. (Fantuzzoand Mohr 1999 22.) Some of these problems includeBehaviour ModellingIn very young children through to adolescent age, behaviour is often modelled on people who the individual spends significant time with. Piaget in his 1972 publication noted that childrens play behaviour involves modelling on those around them, and eventually to reproducing that behaviour at any given time or place . As children grow up the parent figure becomes a role-model and if an abusive relationship exists then this trust is taken away.In study conducted by American researchers on aggression and violence in adolescent boys, 15 interv iewees were asked questions which sought to identify areas for improvement concerning intervention and prevention. Participants disclosed that their aggressive responses to provocation were frequently modelled on responses that they had seen exhibited bothers, particularly those observed among immediate and extended family members. For example, a respondent called Dan said the following about his fatherHe gets mad too quickly. Hell get aggravated and hell just explode and thats when the fights start. Well argue and then Ill get mad and tell him some stuff and then hell get mad and just start yelling and then like one of us will go after the other, and then were fighting so my mother will try to break it up or call the police. (Ballot et al 2002 221).Not all interviewees connected their behaviour with their families, however, there were many family interactions which involved aggression and domestic violence. It is perhaps the impact of what children witness that remains with the m and encourages them to learn negative behavioural responses more quickly. As Brian explained, When I was younger, I didnt have a very organized family at all, so I looked towards the people on the streets. Thats when it gets you in trouble.Social IntegrationThe abused childs unstable, often dangerous, home environment is likely to limit the childs development of social skills, self-confidence, and experience of positive interactions (Herrenkohl etal., 1995). Taken from Cooper 1999 10). Children who grow up in a violent, unpredictable family have a world view in which potential threat is constantly present. The childs ability to play and integrate with others is severely impaired as they are, if you like, watching their back in case of attack.Play is an important medium of self-expression for the young child, especially during the preschool years when language is still developing. It is the way in which children explore the world around them and learn to recognise and understand ob jects and people. Because play is sensitive to environmental conditions, the childs physical and social environment will either support or limit his or her play opportunities. Unfortunately, when a child is exposed to a chronically violent, abusive, or neglectful home environment, his or her opportunities for play development and play experiences are severely disrupted. (Cooper 199910).The physically abused or neglected child is more likely to show delayed language, cognitive, and motor development, and as a consequence, delayed play skills (Ibid). Cooper suggests that the preschool child will internalise the experience of domestic violence, and may view himself or herself as the cause. As a result, the preschool child may act in destructive ways, such as deliberately destroying other childrens games or toys, in order to attract negative attention. (Ibid). A 1989 study by Fagot et al found physically abused preschool childrens free play with peers to be more disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial than the play of other, non-abused children. (Ibid). Fantuzzo found that aggressive play behaviour, and a lack of empathy with fellow children, is likely to further isolate and prevent the abused child from learning appropriate social skills (Davis Fantuzzo, 1989 227-248).StructureChildren living in a dysfunctional family unit where violence occurs will often experience a lack of structure and organisation to their daily lives. The study by Ballot et al found that the boys felt safe in the institution as they had a chance to lead orderly, less chaotic lives than the ones they experienced in their homes and on the streets. (Ballot et al 2002 17).Every child will cope with exposure to domestic violence in their own unique way. Indeed, many children might at first not appear to have been adversely affected. It is only later, or in certain situations that their inner emotional state might be revealed. Indeed, although there is a varying number of possible negative health and social outcomes for children who have lived in an abusive home, not all children manifest these characteristics in their later life. The young mind can be resilient and adaptableIt is important to remember that some children remain perfectly well-adjusted despite living with abuse and that a majority survive within on clinical or normal levels of functioning. (Millender and Morley19944)Results from Primary ResearchOf the 20 questionnaires handed out to a random sample of respondents, who were asked only to fill out and return the form if they had children. 8 were returned. The results are set out below1. Have you ever been in a relationship with someone who has hit you, kicked you, slapped you, punched you, or threatened to hurt you? 2. CURRENTLY? 3. When you were pregnant did anyone ever physically hurt you? 4. Are you in a relationship with someone who yells at you, calls you names, or puts you down?7 out of 8 women said they had been in a relationship where they were threate ned or hurt3 out of 8 women said they were currently in a violent relationship6 women who said they had been abused while pregnant, which implies that their children could have been born into a domestically violent household.6 out of 8 women said they were in an emotionally abusive relationshipThese statistics for the Fulham area are quite high. Nearly half of respondents said they had experienced prolonged domestic abuse. It would be useful to conduct a further study on another random sample to see if the two sets of results would correlate. Because under half the sample returned the questionnaires it cannot be said to be representative sample of the Fulham area.Nonetheless the findings do give a surprising insight into the lives of black women in London, showing that abuse, in any form, is a regular occurrence in some peoples lives. Furthermore, because these respondents had children its likely that their children have witnessed domestic violence. Future research might look into e stablishing a comparison study on 20 women who do not have children in an attempt to see whether more cases of abuse occur within relationships where children are present.Questionnaire on teenagersOf the 20 forms which were filled in 9 respondents said they had been involved in or witnessed cases of domestic violence in their lifetime.1. Have you ever been involved in or witnessed scenes of domestic violence in your family? Was this age 1-5/6-14/15-present? Or all of the above?2. Were these scenes between your parents/partners? Did they ever directly involve you? Yes 4 No 53. Were you ever physically hurt during these episodes? Yes 3 No 64. Were you verbally abused during these episodes? Yes 9 No 05. How did your experience affect your daily life 1. Made you shy..2 2. Made you sad.9 3. Made you angry5 4. Made you aggressive towards others36. Do you believe your experience to have been detrimental to your ability to enjoy and participate in school? 1. Yes..3 2. No62 out of 9 respond ents said they had witnessed or experienced domestic abuse throughout their lives. Just under half of respondents said that they were directly involved in scenes of domestic violence and all respondents said they were verbally abused. The highest percentage(100%) said they had felt sad, while just under half felt aggressive towards other people.InterviewsThe four cases of domestic violence all revealed the problem of domestic violence to be one associated with isolation and taking place within the privacy of the home. All respondents admitted that they believed domestic violence to have negatively affected their children. Particularly poignant were the accounts of children becoming withdrawn, another aggressive, and another blaming her mother. All these findings are consistent with the secondary research presented in the first section of this dissertation.The interviews provided a surprisingly good response. Some people might be reluctant to admit to the presence of violence in thei r domestic life, especially if it involves their children, in fear of admitting that they are (directly, or indirectly) causing their child to be unhappy. However, all four respondents answered openly and honestly about their experiences.ConclusionThis dissertation has looked into a cross section of the population in the Hammersmith and Fulham area of London. Teenagers and women who were known to have experienced abuse were asked questions about their experiences and both reported feelings of sadness and aggression. Random sample of women with children also revealed that nearly half of the population had experienced a domestic violence act of some kind in their lives.The findings were consistent with the secondary research, such as the study by Piaget 1972, and Cooper 1999, both of which found that young children had difficulty in play activities and social integration, both at pre-school and primary level. The study by Ballonet al on aggressive teenagers also correlated with the re sponses from the questionnaires handed out at the youth centre.It is not possible to say that there are more domestic violence cases in black communities or that they are caused by demographic and stress factors. A study by Richardson et al on the prevalence of domestic violence against women looked for a correlation between demographic factors and domestic violence. They concluded that black women were least likely to have ever experienced domestic violence compared to their white female counterparts.(Richardson et al 2002274).The interview with the British mother found that the violence she had experienced was mostly verbal and did not involve physical force directed at her. Out of the four women she was the only one still tube with her husband with whom she had fought with. This is not consistent with the secondary research presented at the beginning which suggested that more black women stayed with their spouses in fear of what might happen if they left.Future research might exp lore the marital status of black women in the Hammersmith and Fulham area and the stability of the family unit. Interviews with more than one member of a family might also be useful in order to gain a different perspective on the same incidents.To conclude, domestic violence appears to have a negative impact on children and young people. Initial responses might be guilt, fear, sleeplessness and a desire to protect their mother. In pre-schoolchildren the learning ability and playfulness is often damaged by the experience of domestic violence. In children of all ages research has shown that behaviour is modelled on what they see around them, and this can lead to anti-social behaviour to peers and strangers. Longer-term effects include an inability to trust other people, withdrawing from social situations, depression, and in worse cases aggression on the streets, and drug and alcohol abuse.

Developing Ones Identity Is A Lifelong Process Sociology Essay

Developing Ones individualism Is A Lifelong Process Sociology testDeveloping hotshots identicalness is a lifelong process. The definition of ego- individuality, according to psychology is the conscious recognition of the self as having a unique identity. I chose to focus my research on the bea of teenage identity, or jejuneness between 12 and 19 years of age, because that is when so many broad decisions ar made that affect a persons life and the direction in which it is going.Upon my research, I collapse discover that this is an ever evolving theory. There is so often research and information on this picky subject, that it couldnt possibly be covered in one paper. Many of the theorists build on individuall(a)y other. Henri Tajfels a real endureer identity theory. Erik Eriksons theory of psycho favorable perplexment is one of the best-kn throw theories of individual(prenominal)ity (Cherry, 2012). And Urie Bronfenbrenner developed the ecological systems theory to explain how all(prenominal)thing in a child and the childs surround affects how children grow and develop. There argon many other theorist who pick out affected the way we look at identity as well. And at that place are many theorists in whom the above theorists have observed and construct upon. Eriksons theory has phase angles, much like Freud and Piaget. One theorist who elaborated on Eriksons theory was James Marcia.Tajfels research consisted of two laboratory experiments that focused on in- free radicals and out-groups to determine the discrimination of out-groups and the inherent self-esteem boost the participants received when they awarded their testify groups, even though they were anonymous, with the most money. He determined that there are three processes used to label others as us or them or in other words, in-groups and out-groups, and that these processes take place in a particular order. First is categorization. We categorize objects in order to understand and i dentify them, this includes our social environment. We find things out about ourselves according to the categories we belong to. The second percentage point is social identity. Once categorized to a group, each of us forms our identity base on our belonging to the group and create an emotional bond. From there, we hold fast our self-esteem to this group membership. The final put is social comparison. Once our group is formed and we have categorized ourselves, and developed an identity attached to that group, we tend to compare our group with other groups. Our self-esteem in wrapped up in this group, so we need to describe sure that we are viewed as favorable in the eyes of other groups. If we are non, then detestation and competition forms between groups to determine the better group or groups.Essentially, we are fighting for our identity. This is especially true for teenagers. There are so many groups that determine young peoples identity. Religion, race, gender, activities, etc. all round an important manipulation in how people define themselves.The next theorist is Erik Erikson. He based all of his work on case studies, and at times was criticized for his lose of formal research. Some felt that he lacked credibility because of his lack of research, whole Erikson based his stage-theory on what he had observed in his life as well as case studies. The development of ego identity is one of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory. Ego identity is the idea that we develop a conscious wiz of self finished social interaction. Due to bare-assed information and experiences that we acquire every day during our social interactions with others, our ego identity is constantly changing. Erikson similarly felt that behaviors and actions were motivated by a palpate of competence. Erikson believed that each stage nates create competence or crisis, or a turning point in ones development. Each quantitative stage presents its own achievements a nd challenges. The stages are as follows, with a focus on identity element versus confusion, moreover because his theory is built on stages, it is important to mention the stages star up to the adolescent identity stage. The first is Trust vs. Mistrust, because an infant is entirely dependant on their caregiver, they build a nose out of trust if they are properly cared for, or mistrust if they are neglected, rejected, or abused. The second stage is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. This stage refers to potty training and food choice. When children successfully complete this stage they either sense secure and confident or inadequate or doubt themselves. The third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt. These are the preschool years when they begin to assert themselves and discover a mavin of entertain and power over others. If successful they feel capable, if they fail they feel that sense of self doubt and guilt. Stage four is Industry vs. Inferiority. A sense of pride begins to develop a s children recognize their accomplishments and abilities through their social interactions. When children are encouraged by their parents and teachers they develop a sense of competence and a belief in their abilities. This brings us to the stage of Identity vs. Confusion. This is the important stage, at least as far as we are concerned. During their adolescent years, children develop a sense of self by exploring their independence. There are some(prenominal) contributing factors to the formation of identity. As adolescents enter puberty their cognitive skills and personal abilities add-on. When teens become more independent they tend to get involved in more neighborhood, community and school activities. Erikson believed that these changes make adolescents begin to explore their upcoming jobs, their relationships and their beliefs. According to Erikson, identity has been formed when a person bed evaluate themselves and their environment and links them together expressively. When a person struggles with this identity link, that is when the issues of function confusion occurs. Role confusion causes an individual to question their characteristics, their sense of self and their perceptions of others. Due to changing physical, cognitive, and social factors, nearly all adolescents experience some form of role confusion (Kroger, 2004, as quoted by Sokol, 2009).Identity helps each of us to find our place in the world. It provides us with a sense of belonging, a sense of self, and gives us each a sense of direction. Identity is what makes us move in a particular direction. Identity is what gives us reason to be. Erikson clearly believed that having a solid sense of identity is critical to further development. Without a true sense of identity, adolescents tend to choose a lifestyle that has negative consequences, because they lack self respect or feel that they dont deserve a better life.The theorist James Marcia, based on Eriksons theory, developed four Identity Statuses of psychological identity. His main idea is that personal choices and their social committednesss determine ones identity. It is important to clarify that these are NOT stages, but statuses that tummy happen in any order or not at all. Marcias four statuses are, first, Identity Diffusion, this is when an adolescent doesnt feel like they have a choice in things pertaining to themselves, when in reality, they fairish havent made one, or is not willing at that time to make a commitment to one choice or another. Second, is Identity Foreclosure, this is when an adolescent is willing to fit others by committing to plastered roles, values, or plans for the future. This is not an identity crisis these individuals are just choosing to conform to what others want for them. The third status is Identity Moratorium, which is when the adolescent is in a crisis, this is when an adolescent is ready to make a choice, but has not committed to any of those choices yet. The final status i s Identity Achievement, this is when an adolescent has deceased through an identity crisis and has committed to a choice and developed a sense of identity based on that choice.We have all experienced this in our lives. There is not a single adult that can honestly say that they went through their entire youth knowing but who they were and who they were going to become. It is a process, a learning curve. I daily trade filled with action and reaction. Every day teenagers, and adults, have to reevaluate certain aspects of their identity bases on what works and what doesnt work.Our final theorist is Bronfenbrenner, his theory is that every aspect of life, every little piece of our existence affects who we are. We are each in the middle of a giant circle. Directly around us is our microsystem, this entails our families, school, everything we see and deal with daily. Next is the exosystem, this is the pieces of ones life out of their direct range, such as parents work place, extended family, neighborhoods, etc. The final circle is the macrosystem, this is where civilization and attitudes come into play, for example, war, the economy, and government. Although these things are outside the individuals personal circle, they are still affectional in molding and shaping adolescent identity.To sum up all of the research and theories above, it is safe to say that every facet of ones life has an match on a persons identity in one way or another. through with(predicate) their upbringing, culture, social roles, and environment, adolescents develop their identity. They learn to rely on those they can trust and build perceptions about the things that they know and the things that they dont know. Their cognitive abilities have reached a point in the adolescent years where they can determine for themselves their own paths based on their own views and opinions, even though much of their concept processes are affected by the values that have been instilled in them. Parents and caregivers play a tremendous role on religion, social status, environment, education and future. Teachers also play a role in the development of a teenagers identity. Through the use of clear expectations and positive praise, a teacher can increase their students self-esteem. They also have the ability to encourage positive group choices through group projects and student awareness. Teachers are also powerful role models and can create a muscular learning environment that encourages cognitive maturement and can increase the desire for students to pursue higher education. Teachers can make a difference in their students lives and help them develop a strong sense of self and identity. The most important thing a teacher can do is to know their students.ResourcesCherry, K (2012). Stages of psychosocialdevelopment Psychosocial development inpreschool, middle Childhood, andadolescence. Retrieved from http//psychology. about.com/od/ psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_2.htmFeinstein, S. (2007). Teaching the at-risk teenage brain. Retrieved from http//chapters. scarecrowpress.com/15/788/1578866 464ch1.pdfGilgun, J (1993). Erik erikson and the use of case studies. Retrieved from (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() Marcia, J. E., (1966), learning and validation of ego identity status, journal ofPersonality and Social psychology 3, pp. 551-558. Retrieved from http//iws2.collin.edu/lstern/JamesMarcia.pdfMcLeod, S. A. (2008). Social identity theory. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/social-identity-theory.htmlSokol, Justin T. (2009) Identity Development Throughout the Lifetime An Examination ofEriksonian Theory, Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol. 1 Iss. 2, Article14. Retrieved from http//epublications . marquette.edu/gjcp/vol1/iss2/14Tahfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223,96-102 Retrieved from http//www.holah.karoo.net/tajfestudy.htmWoolfolk, a., Perry, N. (2012). Child and adolescent development. Upper Saddle River, NJPearson Education Inc.

Data Collection And Data Analysis Physical Education Essay

info Collection And information abbreviation Physical teaching EssayThe look into regularity plays an essential theatrical role in addressing the enquiry objectives with reliable and valid selective information. This constituent illustrates how and why a certain get along chosen to answer the interrogation questions.The methodology of this question bases on explore onion plant vex (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). The structure of this chapter follows the layers of the search onion model. anatomy 0. The search onion Source Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2008 (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012, p.108)3.1. Research school day of thoughtSelecting the research philosophy is a necessary stage in the research process because it is primal to reflect the perspective of a researcher and it withal influences directly on the choice of research dodging and research methods (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). In business and management research, the popular philosophies includes positivism, realism interpretivism and pragmatism (Cres sound, 2008 Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). Thus, this research should settle the competent philosophies base on the philosophy theory and the research questions and research objectives say above.Regarding the theory philosophy, Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2012) discuss that there ar two spot points of view including ontology and epistemology. Firstly, based on ontology, the nature of reality or world of researchers view slightly the positivist is objective, external and independent with social factors, nevertheless researchers view about the interpretivist is subjective, social constructed and changeable depend on the sort outicipants (ibid.). On the other hand, on the elan of thinking about epistemology, the valid fellowship of researchers view about the positivist focuses on causality, reducing phenomena to simplest elements, selective information and facts more on th e whole over researchers view about interpretivist concentrates on social phenomena, feelings attitudes and detail of situations and subjective signifi backsidece (ibid., p.119). These viewpoints between ontology and epistemology argon difference, and each of them will involve on the way of thinking about the research process. Additionally, the pragmatist research philosophy tends to be the conclave of both positivist and interpretivist.The positivist philosophy is charm choice for this research owing to the research objectives to examine the relationships among measurements of an e-learning scheme advantage and the using e-learning governing body of students to support their KM. Regarding ontology view, the e-learning system is an objective and singular. Furthermore, overhearing information to give out the e-learning system winner in this research proves that it is positivism based on epistemology view. However, investigate students attitude finish use interpretivism bu t it is reasonable with positivism.3.2. Research onset collect to positivistic philosophy and the research questions to attempt theory and the prior researches discussed in the writings retread chapter, this research is suitable with deductive sexual climax. This come out includes 5 progressive stages (1) inferring hypotheses from the theory ( experiment relationship among variables in the e-learning system success) (2) proposing the relationships among variables in this research (e.g. users attitude positive impacting on system acceptance) (3) testing attend toal hypotheses (using statistical softw are to estimate hypotheses) (4) discussing the outcome to confirm the theory and (5) fixing the theory based on the findings (Robson, 2002 cited in Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012, p.124-125).Furthermore, the detailed progress of this research based on this deductive approach is illustrated in figure 3.2 (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005).Figure 0. The deductive approach process ( Maylor and Blackmon, 2005,p.56)3.3. Research outlineCres substantially (2008) stated that research strategy signifi rattly influence on the direction of the research, as a result, the choice of research strategy is essential in research progress. The factors impact on the selected strategy including the research questions and objective, the choice of research philosophy, research approach and other resources such as time constraint, finance or information access (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012).Due to the selected deductive approach, experiment, analyze, ground theory or strip postulate are the research strategies that croup be applied for this research. try out strategy tends to concentrate on a specific crowd. Moreover, case study is often apply in specific research for a block of time. Hence, both experiment strategy and case study are non suitable for this study due to of the research questions. Because this study is developed on the previous researches in differ ence circumstance, the ground theory strategy is non appropriate with this research. On the other hand, the survey approach is the most cerebral choice for this research in spite of appearance limited time. Survey strategy canful be defined as a specific taste from the universe of discourse and the structured questionnaires are designed to test theory (Malhotra and Birks, 2007). This strategy is suitable to test the relationships between variables in research objectives using quantitative data method (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). In addition, this survey strategy as substantially appropriate with cross-section(a) time horizon studies (Easterby-Smith et al. 2008 Robson 2002 cited in Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). Alternatively, the survey strategy in any case has just about limitations such as irrelevant or inaccurate responses of the questionnaire or possibly insufficient try out. The number of responses may not achieve the target of at least 95% of conf idential level because people are not able or willing to answers the questionnaire (Girden and Kabacoff, 2010). Understanding the potential drawbacks of the survey strategy is vital that result in well preparing in data arrangement plan.3.4. Research choicesDue to the selected positivistic research philosophy as well as deductive approach, the mono method with quantitative approach is the research choice of this study. Using mono method seems to be adequate because this is not ground theory and experiment research strategy. Additionally, referring the section 2.2 of the literature review chapter, the mono method with only quantitative research approach tends to be utilise in almost previous researches to measure the e-learning system success and to test the research model. Hence, the theory and research fabric of based on previous researches are tried and true in this research in the context of the University of Southampton with the quantitative approach.3.5. Time horizonThis r esearch has been sended in three months. Thus, it is appropriate with cross-sectional time horizon owing to time constraint. Cross-sectional researches are appropriate to study specific phenomenon at specific time piece of music longitudinal researches are suitable to study change and development over a long period of time (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012).3.6. Research design Data collection and data analysisThissection aims to describe detail about the quantitative approach to collect and analyse primary coil data with sample method, questionnaire design, control testing, data collection and data analysis sub-sections.3.6.1. Sampling methodThe context of this research is the University of Southampton. Therefore, all students and alumni of the University who has used the e-learning system at the University can participate on this research. Due to applying survey research strategy in this research, the most suitable take method for this study can be probability samples. Bas ed on the probability sampling method (another construct is representative sampling), the research questions and objectives can be achieved by evaluating statistically the characteristics of the universe of discourse from the sample (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012, p.213). In this research, the tribe which is all students using the e-learning system at the University of Southampton is generalised from the sample which is the students participating in the questionnaire.The most appropriate sampling proficiency for this study is simple random sampling but the sampling frame size of it and the cost and time eat of this sampling technique is high (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). Hence, multi-stage can be used as the sampling technique to save time and cost. In the early stage of this sampling technique, the key out of schools at the University of Southampton is drawn. Then, in the turn stage, a simple random sample of students can be selected by chosen schools. In f act, the selected schools may be not random because it is not acceptance to help of all schools at the University to broadcast the survey to their students. This study uses online questionnaire as a result of share questionnaire easily via emails or social network (such as Facebook). Indeed, several schools at the University are willing to help s resultant the questionnaire to all their students email.Higher Education Statistic Agency summary that there are more than 23,000 students at the University of Southampton in 2010/2011 (HESA, 2012). Thus, the population in this study can be more than hundred thousands because both students and alumni has been used the e-learning system at the University since at least 4 years. This research targets to achieve 95 per cent confidence level and 5 per cent margin of error. Thus, referring to figure about sample sizes for different sizes of population at a 95 confidence level, the minimum sample size is 383 (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012 , p.219).3.6.2. Questionnaire designDesigning a questionnaire is a vital stage in data collection technique to support positivism methodology, deductive approach and survey strategy in business and management research (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). The questionnaire technique is used to test the reliability and hardiness of hypotheses proposed from research objectives and research theoretical account (Neuman and Neuman, 2011). There are some(prenominal) another(prenominal) benefits of using questionnaire technique in research. For instance, it is an utile and economical approach to collect primary data (Patten, 2001). It also exit wrap up result in tabular to analyse easily (ibid.). Moreover, it can be managed anonymously and asynchronously (ibid.).The type of questionnaire in this research is self-administrated online questionnaire due to the wash room and effectiveness of broadcasting as well as preparing data. The online questionnaire is designed on the iSurvey pla tform which is endorsed by the University of Southampton (www.isurvey.soton.ac.uk). Because iSurvey is a high quality weapon and many advantages such as no cost, secure, friendly interface, ease of use, reliability and stability, it is used to design questionnaire by almost students of the University. Following the questionnaire research a applicative guide of Patten (2011), the designed questions are clear, short, simple and avoided common errors. Due to the willing help and limited time of participants, only necessary questions are presented in the questionnaire. Moreover, the questionnaire is designed with a short time to complete (around 10 proceeding).The validity of questions in questionnaire can lead to accurate data by and by(prenominal) pile up, and the reliability elbow room the eubstance of gathered data (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). Bourque and Clark (1994, cited in Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012) stated three effective methods to design mostbody que stions that are adopting questions used in other questionnaires adapting questions used in other questionnaires and developing own questions. Thus, ample literature review significantly supports questionnaire design with high reliability and validity because the questions in questionnaires are well-tried in the previous researches. Moreover, clear questions in questionnaire are recommended to discuss with others and test buffer store studies (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012).The questionnaire is designed with three sections. The number one section to ask about the prefatory information of participant, the most important question in this section is that Have/had you used the e-learning system (Blackboard, Moodle, Medis, ECS, or others) of the University of Southampton? If participant select option No, they will complete the questionnaire. At the second section, the questions are self-developed question to conduct descriptive statistic regarding using e-learning system of stu dents to press forward their KM. The content of these questions in this section is classified by attribute and behaviour. These questions based on the theory on literature review regarding e-learning system success and KM. They also moderate been recommended by friends who are studying PhD and redeem frequently experience with questionnaire design and test in pilot study. The final section in the questionnaire aims to test the research framework and research hypotheses. This section includes 32 items and all adopt 5-point Likert scale (from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree). All items are adapted and adopted questions used in prior researches regarding e-learning system success and e-learning system as a tool to support KM (for exemplification, items are referred and adapted from Lin, 2007 Lin, 2007, Liaw, Chen and Huang, 2008 Liaw, Huang and Chen, 2007 Wang and Chiu, 2011). The scales have been tested by previous researchers as discuss in the section 2.2 and 2.4 of t he literature review chapter. Thus, the reliability and validity of the instruments are high because of revealed in contribute papers.Furthermore, the participant information sheet and only consent form are stated in the welcome foliate of the online questionnaire to introduce briefly regarding this research, researcher, research questions, contact of researcher and Ethic Committee, and a participants consent to taking part in the survey. Additionally, the a debriefing page is stated at the ending page of the online questionnaire in order to give thanks to participants as well as introduce briefly about this research such as research hypotheses and papers closely related to this study.The full questionnaire is stated in Appendix 1 and the e-mails which are sent to several schools of the University and to fellow students to collect data are stated in Appendix 1 and.3.6.3. voyage testing and assess validityA pilot study (pre-test) conducts a small part of sample to test the questi onnaire before delivering the questionnaire to collect primary data from sample. Implementing the pilot test is crucial, especially when researchers lack of experience within designing a survey questionnaire as well as data collection approach (Yin, 2011). According to Vaus (2002), in term of pilot test, individual questionnaire items need to evaluate the variation, meaning, redundancy, scalability, not-response and acquiescent response patch the whole questionnaire should test the flow, question skips, timing and interest and attention of respondents. The pilot test also aims to enhance questions in the questionnaire and it can do more than one time. Moreover, after completing the questionnaire, participants of pilot test can comment to refine the questionnaire where which questions can be misunderstood, silly or difficult (Sapsford, 2006). Additionally, the reliability and validity of items in questionnaire can be assessed with the pilot test. Factor analysis also can do in this pre-test to remove low quality items in the questionnaire (Fowler, 2008).The pilot test to improve the questionnaire in this research was conducted two times. At the first time, the questionnaire was designed with only 2 first sections. The link of the questionnaire was sent by email and Facebook to 20 participants which are students at the University of Southampton. after that, round respondents gave ofttimes of import feedback used to enhance the instruction as well as individual questions in the questionnaire. Because of almost self-developed questions in section 2 of the questionnaire, some questions were recommended by participants who have much experience in designing survey and statistic research. For example, in the question to ask about benefits of using e-mail function of the e-learning system, the kind of question should be changed from multiple choice questions to check box question because respondents can want to select all options. Another example is that some que stions such as Yes or No questions had been improved to the open ended questions to investigate in deep why Yes or No option is selected. On the other hand, some participants who studying in English subject at faculty of Humanities at the University had contributed much valuable advice regarding the language including grammar and words choice of the instruction part as well as individual questions. Additionally, the overall appearance and organisation of the questionnaire had been commented. The time consuming to complete the two sections of the questionnaire was calculated in this first pilot test around 4 minutes. After conducting the pilot test, individual questions were changed to be clearer and easier to understand.At the second time of the pilot testing, the undefiled questionnaire had been design with the final section. Because 50(+/-20) is the veritable(prenominal) sample size at the pre-test stage, the link of the questionnaire was sent to another 40 students (Cooper and Schindler, 2010). After that, there are 32 completed answers with no deficient from participants because having 02 PhD students do not use the e-learning system at the University and 6 missing answers. The alert participants if they have left any questions blank function of the iSurvey was not turned on that is the main reason of missing answers in pilot test. Therefore, this function is setup in the main data collection. From the data collection, the consistence of the multi-item scales question was tested by SPSS. This pilot data is also really useful to study data analysis in practice with SPSS and AMOS model test software. Furthermore, overall feedback from almost respondents about the questionnaire is that all questions are clear and easy to understand because the questions in the first two sections had been updated after the first pilot test and all questions in section three have been adapted and adopted from prior researches. Statistic from iSurvey administrative site, f rom 8 to 10 minutes is a typical time to complete the questionnaire.3.6.4. Data collectionThe completed questionnaire version, the Ethic, Risk, consent forms, the information sheet and debriefing sheet has been submitted to the Ethic committee. After approved by this committee, the questionnaire is broadcasted to students and alumni at the University of Southampton. Initially, e-mail including the questionnaire link is sent to all schools at the University in order to request a help spread head out the questionnaire to students at these schools via the e-mail system of the University (Appendix 2). Several schools (such as English, Music, unexampled language at the faculty of Humanities Law and Management school at the faculty of Business and Law faculty of Medicine Education, maths and Social Sciences school at the faculty of Social and Human Sciences) have been agreed and helped to send the questionnaire to all their students. They replied a confirmation e-mail while some other schools sent a sorry e-mail which means cannot help to deliver the online questionnaire.Secondly, the link of the questionnaire is shared to some Facebook fan page of the University of Southampton such as the University of Southampton Alumni, SUSU group, Southampton Management School Alumni fan page and some Facebook group such as Vietnamese Society at the University of Southampton group Badminton, Tennis and Table Tennis at the University of Southampton group.The data are collected during 15 days from the 2nd of August to the 16th of August 2012.3.6.5. Data analysisBoth descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to analyse quantitative data are used in this research. Initially, this study conducts descriptive statistics to report the averages, the dispersion, and the primordial tendencies of the data collected (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012). After that, the research framework and hypotheses are tested by two-phased approach for Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) (Sc humacker and Lomax, 2004 Hair et al. 2006 cited in Wang and Chiu, 2011).In term of technology for data analysis, Microsoft Excel, IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) and IBM AMOS (Analysis of trice Structures) software are used. SPSS which is well-known computer programme widely used to carry out statistical analysis in Social Science. AMOS also is a powerful tool and easy-to-use with graphical interface design to analyse model fit. Thus, using these tools can accomplish quickly the results with the highest accuracy. However, lack of basic skills in using SPSS and AMOS software can be the problem affect the research progress. Nonetheless, due to the booming sharing knowledge in the earnings, many online instruction video clips are available on Youtube and tutorials in the internet today. Thus, these tools can be controlled fundamentally in the short period of time.The strategy to analyse data is stated belowAnalyse the descriptive statistic in SPSSTest the relia bility of items by using reliability analysis in SPSSAnalyse factor analysis to find and delete the unnecessary items in SPSSConduct confirmation factor analysis (CFA) to measure research framework in AMOSEvaluate structure research framework and calculate hypotheses in AMOS.3.7. SummaryThis chapter explained about the selected research method base on the theory, literature review and the research questions and objectives. This research is appropriate with positivistic philosophy and deductive approach. Mono method with quantitative approach is suitable choice to conduct this research. Cross-sessional is the time horizon determined for this research. This chapter also discuss detail regarding data collection and analysis with choosing sampling technique, designing questionnaire, testing pilot study, collecting data strategy and analysing data strategy.