Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown †The Theme :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Young Goodman brownish the Theme Clarice Swisher in Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography states When Hawthorne called his stories romances, he meant that they belong within the romantic movement that . . . . emphasize imagination and personal freedom (18). It is the purpose of this essay to interpret the theme of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and determine where this personal freedom leads. Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from New England Living state Young Goodman Brown uses the background of witchcraft to explore uncertainties of belief that get to a mans heart and mind (31). It is on that one night of the year when witches have their coven in the deepest woods that the young husbandman, Goodman Brown, takes leave of his wife, religious belief YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. The reader receives a premoniti on of the impending evil intrigue with Faiths staement of her foreboding, troublesome dreams Dearest heart, whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were good to his ear, prythee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that shes afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, ambuscade with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year Regarding the theme, the clues increase when Goodman, having left his wife, Faith, all alone and melancholy, enters the woods and encounters a sinister type with whom he has previously make an appointment for this particular evening As nearly as could be discerned, the second traveller . . . had an indescribable air of one who knew the world, and would not have matte abashed at the governors dinner-table, or in King Williams court, were it possible that his affairs should call him thither. But the only thing about him, that could be fixed upo n as remarkable, was his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought, that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a life serpent. This, of course, must have been an ocular deception, assisted by the uncertain light. The evil nature of this individual is made manifest, and thus evil enters the story in a significant way.

The Theme Of Father/son Relationships In Beowulf & The Song Of Roland :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The Theme of Father/Son Relationships in Beowulf & The Song of Roland     The representation of father- password emblem relationships in early Medievalliterary works is a key theme early authors used to give their works more depthand meaning. two works that use the theme of father-son relationships areBeowulf and The Song of Roland. In Beowulf, the relationship between Hrothgarand Beowulf is one in which there is no telephone numberual blood father-son tie, merely the twocharacters take on all the characteristics of a real father son relationship.Hrothgar, although Beowulfs senior, has to rely on this new warrior who comesto Heorot to help him rid his kingdom of a great danger which he can not getrid of by himself, and Hrothgar treats him as if he were his own son. In TheSong of Roland, Charles relationship with his nephew Roland in any case takes on thecharacteristics of a father-son type relationship. In this work, althoughCharles is the better warrior than Roland, he relies on Roland to watch the rearguard of his army and Roland loses his aliveness while serving his King. The significance of these inter-generational relationships will be looked at in thispaper, as well as what the authors through the guise of these father-sonrelationships were trying to say about various different aspects of life duringtheir time.     In Beowulf, the function of the relationship between Hrothgar andBeowulf helps to further the plot in several ways. Whenever there is a relianceon family in any literary work, it gives any story more meaning and significance.When Beowulf first arrives in Hrothgars hall, we get a sense of the old andincapable state Hrothgar is in "old and old among the guard of earls"(Beowulf, pg. 62) is how he is first described. When hearing who Beowulfsfather is he states in a joyous tone "I knew him when he was a child..Well doesthe son now pay this call on a proven ally" (Beowulf, pg. 62-63) Immediatelythere is a fond relationship here which will start even further. WhenBeowulf claims that he is in Heorot to cleanse the people of the monster namedGrendel who is plaguing them, Hrothgar is very grateful and he states "So it isto fight in our defence, my friend Beowulf, and as an act of kindness that youhave come to us here" (Beowulf, pg. 65) We see here that Hrothgar is indeedgrateful to have the services of so brave a warrior. When Beowulf slays Grendel,the presumption that the old Hrothgar feels towards Beowulf can almost be equated to

Free Macbeth Essays: The Importance of Guilt :: Free Essay Writer

The Importance of Guilt in Macbeth    Through the story ill-doing motivates Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to a great extent. Macbeth was a kind, fine nobleman of the king Duncan. But one day his benevolence and his patronage to the king changed. He had met the one-third witches who had revealed the three prophecies. The first prophecy was that Macbeth would become the thane of Cawdor. The second prophecy is that he will become the king in the future. The third was that Banquos sons will also become kings in the future (Banquo is a good friend of Macbeth). Macbeth took his future into his own hands. Lady Macbeth was the own who encouraged and persuaded Macbeth into the horrible circumstances. Guilt plays a graphic symbol to the couple differently at certain occasions. Guilt encircles Macbeth the night he killed King Duncan. He came back to his wife with a horrified expression on his face. This is a sorry sight(Act2 scene2 line 20), he told her. . A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight, Lady Macbeth was thunderstruck to his remark. She had no smell out of guilt right then. He couldnt believe what he had done, what he got himself into. The sons of the king, Malcolm and Donalbain, were in the next room. Theres one did laugh in s sleep, and one cried, Murder That they did wake each other. I stood and heard them. But they did say their prayers, and addressed them Again to sleep. But wherefore could not I pronounce Amen? I had most need of blessing, and Amen Stuck in my throat. Macbeth had heard them say their prayers He was in fear. He was stunned and in shock that he had killed psyche like King Duncan. Guilt surrounds Macbeth for the second time when he sends out the murderers to kill Banquo, his old friend. Macbeth had no other choice but to get unblock of Banquo. Banquo had witnessed the three witches and the prophecies. One prophecy was that his son would become king one day To make them kings, the seeds of Banquo kings(Act3 scene1 line70). In o rder for Macbeth to be safe is to kill Banquo. Banquo may assume what had happened and tell the people of Scotland. For Banquos issue have I filed my mind for them the gracious Duncan have I murdered Put rancors in the watercraft of my peace only for them, and mine eternal jewel.

Ion :: essays research papers

There is a deep sense of realism that lies in the lam Ion. The opening of the play arouses an old wrong, the subjugation of Creusa by Apollo, which slowly develops into a tangled plot of deceit. The theme of the play is unique in how it is centered on a human dilemma that many raise associate with in some way.From the origin, one can only imagine the outcome of Apollos seduction of Creusa. To make matters worse she has a child. There is an nonnatural feeling of darkness and silence as she is made to keep her lips sealed. It appears that she gave up her watchword from fear of her parents. akin many young girls today she made a drastic decision in order to conceal her pregnancy. Apollo in this play is given human attributes. He is depicted as a barbarian who rattling lacks the goodness of a perfection. Indeed a critical problem has developed with Apollos seduction of Creusa.Apollo from the beginning is perceived as a demanding figure. Creusa is seen as the still figure with no say in her circumstances. How could a mortal expect to make a god care for a child? This is where Euripides attempts to bind the mortals and the gods together. Apollo and Creusa appoint a common problem, and each makes different decisions in how they will go about solving that problem. flat after Creusa leaves Ion in the cave, Apollo rescues him. Apollos actions are crazy in that he goes as far as to catch the soul of the priestess so that she would care for his son but yet refused to give aid to Creusa. As a youth, Ion is appointed as a guard of Apollos gold, then an altar attendant and later the chief caretaker. Ion knows nothing of his birth, and asks no questions because of his deep maintain for Apollo. He is happy in his service to the gods never knowing the agony that his mother is suffering as she longs for her lost son. It is critical to recognize that throughout the taradiddle no one acknowledges Apollo as the agitator of all the problems. Creusa marries Xuthus and they find themselves unable to withstand children. While she longs to have a child, she can only regret the expiration of her son years ago. Because they desire to have children, they go to Delphi to consult the gods.Ion essays research papers There is a deep sense of realism that lies in the play Ion. The opening of the play arouses an old wrong, the seduction of Creusa by Apollo, which slowly develops into a tangled plot of deceit. The theme of the play is unique in how it is centered on a human dilemma that many can associate with in some way.From the beginning, one can only imagine the outcome of Apollos seduction of Creusa. To make matters worse she has a child. There is an uncanny feeling of darkness and silence as she is made to keep her lips sealed. It appears that she gave up her son from fear of her parents. Like many young girls today she made a drastic decision in order to conceal her pregnancy. Apollo in this play is given human attributes. He is depicted as a barb arian who truly lacks the goodness of a god. Indeed a critical problem has developed with Apollos seduction of Creusa.Apollo from the beginning is perceived as a demanding figure. Creusa is seen as the passive figure with no say in her circumstances. How could a mortal expect to make a god care for a child? This is where Euripides attempts to bind the mortals and the gods together. Apollo and Creusa share a common problem, and each makes different decisions in how they will go about solving that problem.Immediately after Creusa leaves Ion in the cave, Apollo rescues him. Apollos actions are strange in that he goes as far as to catch the soul of the priestess so that she would care for his son but yet refused to give aid to Creusa. As a youth, Ion is appointed as a guard of Apollos gold, then an altar attendant and later the chief caretaker. Ion knows nothing of his birth, and asks no questions because of his deep respect for Apollo. He is happy in his service to the gods never knowi ng the agony that his mother is suffering as she longs for her lost son. It is critical to recognize that throughout the story no one acknowledges Apollo as the agitator of all the problems. Creusa marries Xuthus and they find themselves unable to have children. While she longs to have a child, she can only regret the loss of her son years ago. Because they desire to have children, they go to Delphi to consult the gods.

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman Essay examples --

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard GlaubmanGood Afternoon Ms. McCafferty, I made this appointment because I passionately believe that the book, Life is so good written by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman should be on the Carey booklist for Year 9 students. Life is so good is a magnificent part biography, part autobiography of a 103 year obsolescent black man named George Dawson who went to school to learn to read and write when he was 98 years old. George Dawson may be 103 but he can still walk without a cane and can remember his life with an uncanny ability. That is why there is so much detail in this book. Life is so good tells of his hard life from when he was only 6 years old and living on a farm in the outer region of a town called Marshall in Southern Texas. In an early c...

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman Essay examples --

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard GlaubmanGood Afternoon Ms. McCafferty, I made this appointment because I passionately believe that the book, Life is so good written by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman should be on the Carey booklist for Year 9 students. Life is so good is a magnificent part biography, part record of a 103 year old black man named George Dawson who went to school to learn to read and write when he was 98 years old. George Dawson may be 103 simply he can still walk without a cane and can remember his life with an uncanny ability. That is why there is so much pointedness in this book. Life is so good tells of his hard life from when he was only 6 years old and living on a upraise in the outer region of a town called Marshall in Southern Texas. In an early c...

Investment in Gold and its effect on the society Essay

metallic is the most popular form of investment of all the cute metals. Many investors in the contemporary society prefer to grease ones palms coin as protection against crisis that may emanate from changes in the political, economic, social or pecuniary remainss in the society. Political economy has great impact on the economic development of a country because of the interaction between the economy and the society . For instance, a crisis may be caused by political instability triggered by social unrest or contend, decline in market investment, inflation, currency failure and burgeoning of a national debt.The popularity of notes in investment has resulted to the establishment of a cash standard. The term florid standard refers to a financial system whereby the standard economic unit of an account is defined by a certain fixed weight of gilded. enthronisation in lucky can mother negative and arbitrary impact on the society. This paper will discuss the issue of invest ment in opulent and how it affects the society. Issues that will be addressed include how and why bills serves as money in the fiscal system. In addition, how tightly the sumptuous is tied to the movement of money as well as the antediluvian patriarch account and legends on gold will be covered.Discussion Importance of gold in the World financial system The human lust for gold has been witnessed since the populace of ancient races and civilizations. Throughout history, gold has always been used as a relative standard for currency and a form of payment. Ancient civilizations used gold coins as money because of their high economic value and lack of paper money. However, even after the introduction of paper money, the deduction of gold in the monetary system remained. In the late nineteenth century, gold standards were introduced in various European nations.However, the gold standards were impact by a financial crisis that was witnessed during the First World War. During th e war, the US and Great Britain were some of the countries that suspended the strict funds Standard but Great Britain returned to the gold bullion standard in 1925. The conditional congress of gold in the monetary system increased after the World War II when gold was pegged to the US long horse by the Bretton timberland system. Back then, the US one dollar bill value to the gold was pegged at the rate of $35 per troy ounce.The system was eliminated after 1971 when the US made unilateral suspension of direct convertibility of the US dollar to gold. Trading in gold has manageed its importance in replacing money. In the US, the important role of gold was evident in 1975 when trading in gold for delivery was done in New York Commodity Exchange and Chicago International Monetary Market in 1975 . In 1980, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) sold about one third of its gold nurtureings and in 1986, the American Eagle sumptuous Bullion coin was introduced by the US Mint. every ba ffle the years, gold has maintained its high value and significance in the humanness monetary system in the contemporary society. Currently, gold continues to be traded across the testicle on the basis of intra-day sport price which is derived from gold trading that occurs through the counter in gold-trading markets. The high demand and supply of gold drives the price of gold just like in other many investments. However, disposal and hoarding of gold affects its price in the market because there is more gold that exists to be supplied in the market for the right price.For centuries, gold has been the foundation of monetary systems hence as an investment is considered to be very critical in the global monetary system. This is because it does not generate income hence its intrinsic value is measured based on the Central Bank International Monetary Reserves. Many governments acknowledge the significance of gold in stabilizing the economy . For example, the end of British Gold standar d in 1914 paved way for the World War I inflationary financing. The end of the monetary inflation in 1921 on the other hand resulted to stability in the United Kingdom and the United States.This stability resulted to positive set up on rising Bonds and Equity market prices and interest rates. Due to the need to maintain the role of gold in the economy, the Bretton Woods in 1944 ratified the US Gold Exchange Standard of 1935 . Central coin banks in various influence the gold price and countries can limit gold gross revenue. For example, 1999, limitation of gold sales by the members of the Washington on Gold (WAG) who included Japan, Europe, US, Australia, the IMF and International Settlements was done.The countries limited gold sale to less than 400 tones per annum. Due to the high value of gold and its importance in the monetary system, ancient history and legends have actualiseed how important gold has been for centuries. For example, ancient stories have pointed out that the Euro peans believed that there was a keister of immense riches that was referred to as El Dorado due to the presence of gold in the place. As a result, many people made efforts to search for the place to get the gold. However, it has never been confirmed whether this place exists or not.In addition, during the Egyptian civilization period, the people used to bury great amounts of gold together with abruptly pharaohs in belief that they would use the gold in the afterlife. Just like the ancient civilizations, many countries are now interested in increasing their gold reserves as protection in case of a financial crisis. As a result, the countries make efforts to improve the returns of the official gold reserves. The modern world monetary system is founded on gold that has been held by the Central Banks and in the Treasury.Gold is considered to be equal to money due to its importance in the Gold Standard . The three gold standards that are used in the monetary system include the gold sp ecific standard, the gold exchanged standard and the gold bullion standard . A Gold Standard ensures that the public can prevent governments from pursuing destabilizing monetary policies through escape Asset and Debt deflation or pecuniary profligacy. The holdings of gold at the market price by the World Central Bank constitute part of the World International Monetary Reserves(IMRs) upon which the World monetary system is based.Measurement of changes in IMR defines whether there is expansion or contraction of the World Central Bank Monetary Base. In 1944 at the time of the Bretton Woods agreement, gold accounted for about 90 per cent of the consolidated World Central Bank Monetary Reserve and because the United States owned about 90 per cent of the Central Bank gold, the dollar managed to become the International monetary system key currency. Gold has real money value because its value is not affected by changes in the economy or control by the government economic policies.Ancient civilizations recognized the importance of gold hence they had many prisoners of war work in gold mines in search for the gold. In 4000 BC, Eastern Europe began using gold to make fashion and decorative objects and by 1200 BC, Egyptians were thrashing gold to extend its use in the society. They even combined it with the other metals to create alloys and too use it for the lox-wax technique. In 550 Scathe Greeks mined gold in the Middle East and the Mediterranean and used it foe art and in the monetary system.In 344 BC, Alexander the Great is believed to have crossed the Hellespont carrying vast quantities of gold he had acquired from the Persian Empire. According to the Greek mythology, in 1550 BC, the King of Mycenae who led the Greek expedition to Troy had worn a gold funerary mask. The Romans also mined and used gold which they sometimes sought in the water streams . By 50 BC, the Romans were able to issue a gold coin know as Aureas. The value of gold in the society remained ov er the years and in 1299AD, Marco Polo wrote about gold that he had seen in his travels to the Far East.In 1903AD, the Gold Standard Act in the US was officially established and enabled the US to maintain a fixed exchange rate as compared to other nations. This ancient history of gold confirms how important gold has been to the society for many centuries as a monetary value and for other applications. Investment in gold Investment in gold is very vital in economic growth and stabilization of the economy . Research studies that have been carried out in the economic confirm that the economy and the wider society interact . Gold is considered to have great value as compared to other precious metals that are mined and used in the society.The significance of gold in relation to the world monetary system makes investment in gold an excellent long-term means of saving and protecting wealth from negative economic forces. Initially, gold coins were used as money when paper money had not been introduced in the economy. However, the introduction of paper money made the carrying of bank notes that were more divisible and lighter than the heavy gold coins more convenient. This case was witnessed in the US during the 1930s Great Depression when President Roosevelt advocated against the use of gold.Gold is also very important when there are negative or low real interest rates. This is because the demand for gold is increased when real earth equity and return on bonds are not adequate to compensate for risk and inflation. For instance, during the 1970s when economic changes resulted from stagflation that led to an economic bubble. In cases where national crisis is undergo as a result of looting, invasion, war or crisis, many investors are concerned about the seizing of the assets and the reduction in currency worth.In efforts to maintain the currency worth, the investors therefore consider gold to be a solid asset and a good form of investment. Investors have taken advantag e of the relation between gold and money by investing in various ways. Many investors in gold as well as the economists agree that gold has become the worlds ultimate dollar hedge investment. Investors can invest in gold is various ways . For example, investment in gold can be done through direct ownership, Gold Exchange-Traded Funds(ETFs),gold mutual funds, subordinate gold stocks and gold options.In direct ownership form of investment, the gold bullion is very important hence the investors who choose to invest in gold through direct ownership enjoy permanent high value of gold. The Gold-Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) refer to the mutual fund that trade on stock like ordinary stock. In the United States, the two gold ETFs that trade hold onto the gold bullion. On the other hand, the gold mutual funds allow investors to invest where the funds hold portfolios of gold stocks of companies that mine gold while the junior gold stocks are preferred by the investors whose risk of tolerance is broader.The investors hence accept the possibility of gold-based losses. The gold options form of investment is used by the experience and the sophisticated investors due to the element of speculation in gold prices. Investment in gold can also be done through the procure of bullion gold bars. In many countries, the billion gold bars are usually sold over the counter in the countries major banks. In addition, the gold bullion dealers provide investors with an opportunity to purchase the bars which differ in sizes.As difficulties in storing, verifying and storing pure gold increase, investors now go up it easy to invest in gold though a gold account. Because gold bars are easier to store, they are often sold as kg bars. Investment in gold is also done by buying gold coins and this enables one to hold the monetary value through gold. Examples of banks that interchange and buy gold counts over the counter include the Liechtenstein and Swiss banks. The American Eagle billion coi n is the most popular gold coin that has been used for hundreds of years. These coins have a stated amount of pure gold made from the denominations that are provided by the treasury.The Gold exchanged traded funds are sold or bought as shares on the major stock exchanges in Sydney, New York and London. For those who investors in gold through the gold billion, a certificate of ownership is held. These certificates enable various investors to sell or buy security without the inconvenience that may be associated with actual physical gold transfer. Gold certificates were first issued to customers in England and Netherlands in the seventeen century in order to allow the investors/ customers to keep the gold bullion safe through the certificates.

Nasality In Cleft Palate Individuals Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionNasality is a voice upset that is most figurely met by the address linguistic communication diagnostician in topics with repaired cleft roof of the m come out of the closeth, which affects the address intelligibility. The perceptual appraisal of nasality constitutes an of import facet of a comprehensive appraisal of the address of persons with repaired cleft roof of the mouth and/or velopharyngeal disfunction ( Kuehn & A Moller, 2000 ) . The perceptual appraisal in complex populations want cleft roof of the mouth is made more ambitious by the bilateral nature of voice ( Bzoch, 1979 ) . The comparative impact of changing constituents of the voice ( e.g. , pitch, heap, resonance ) can farther act upon the signal perceived by a auditor ( Zraich, 1999 ) . In add-on the diverse array of perceptual appraisal of nasality has just about troubles including the definition of footings, dependability and the usage of different types of graduated tables ( Kreiman, Gerratt, Kemp ster, Erman, & A Berke, 1993 ) .Several invasive techniques are employ clinic every(prenominal)y to image velopharyngeal port. Inactive sidelong radiogram are used to see the velopharyngeal structures during sustained sounds ( Hirschberg, 1986 ) . Multiview videoflouroscopy completely in allows observation of the constructions during connected address from some(prenominal) planes of infinite. Flexible fiberoptic nasoendoscopy allows direct observation of velopharyngeal motions during connected address. However, these techniques appear to h sr. more value as pre- or post- running(a) appraisal, because the correlativity of the informations from these techniques with hypernasality is frequently hapless. The inclusion of denary measurings in a clinical appraisal battery would lend to the overall truth of an probe. Literature reveals several quantitative methods developed to mensurate facets of rhinal resonance, for illustration, the Nasometer ( KayPENTAX, capital of Nebraska Par k, NJ ) , the Oro-Nasal System ( Glottal Enterprises, Syracuse ) or the NasalView ( Tiger DRS, Inc. , Seattle, WA Bressmann, 2005 ) , Horii Oral-Nasal Coupling Index ( Horii,1980 ) , Sonography ( Dillenschneider, Zaleski & A Greiner,1973 ) , Palatal Efficiency Ratings Computed Instantaneously-Speech Aeromechanics explore System ( PERCI-SAR MicroTronics Corp. , Chapel Hill, NC ) . The application of these instruments is frequently limited by a combination of grounds, including a deficiency of comparative surveies straight contrasting each technique, clinical uncertainity associating to the sensitiveness and specificity of viing methodological synopsiss, the popularity of imaging surveies ( typically, nasoendoscopy and videoflouroscopy ) that provide direct information on velopharyngeal inadequacy ( Bekir et al.,2008 Rowe & A Dantonio, 2005 ) and the demand of specific device and/or detector, such as the helmet required for nasalence, the accelerometers required for HONC, the a erophonoscope required for rhinal emanation sensing and frequent standardization of the instruments.Nasality can besides be evaluated utilizing non-invasive and simple processs like, spectral analysis of speech communication signal. Acoustic techniques frequently entail arduous analysis governments that can lease extended user expertness the rightness of selected stimulation has non been strictly evaluated ( Watterson et al, 2007 ) . Acoustic techniques do offer some possible, as small expertness is required to enter address samples, and repeated samples can be easy obtained, doing acoustic techniques appropriate for remediation pattern.Some of the spectral features associated with hypernasality are reduced force of the first format ( F1 ) , the presence of excess resonance, displacements of the Centre of the low-frequency spectral prominence, increased amplitudes of the sets amidst first formant ( F1 ) and the second formant ( F2 ) , and a lessening of the F2 amplitude ( Curt is, 1968 Hawkins & A Stevens, 1985 Kataoka et Al, 2001 ) , increased continuances of acoustic phonic sections in CVC vocalizations ( DAntonia, 1982 ) prolonged VOT ( Gamiz, Fernandez-Valades, 2006 ) and decreased burst continuance ( Vasanthi, 2000 ) , decrease in volume ( Mc Williams & A Philip, 1979 Vasanthi, 2000 Peterson-Falz iodin et al. , 2001 ) . In recent old ages, nasality is evaluated utilizing spectral analysis of the address signal. The two common methods which are reported in the nasality measuring lit are one-third octave spectra analysis ( Yoshida et al, 2000 Kataoka et Al, 2001 lee et Al, 2009 Vogel et Al, 2009 ) and the Voice Low refinement to HHhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjkiuigh Tone Ratio ( Lee, Wang, Yang & A Kuo, 2006 ) . Both methods focus on strength fluctuation around the first, 2nd and tertiary oftenness formants, an acoustic form dominionly seen in hypernasal address ( Chen, 1996 Huffman, 1990 Kent, Weismer, Kent, Vorperian & A Duffy, 1999 ) .The V oice Low Tone to HHhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhjjkiuigh Tone Ratio ( VLHR ) was developed as a quantitative acoustic step based on the strength spectrum to measure rhinal resonance. Lee et Al ( 2009 ) outlined the voice low tone to uplifted tone ratio as the power ratio of the low frequence to luxuriously frequence energy obtained by spliting the voice spectrum with a specific cutoff frequence. Lee et Al, ( 2003 ) measured VLHR in topics with rhinal obstruction before and after intervention for rhinal congestion. Results revealed increased VLHR determine significantly after decongested intervention. In the follow survey by same writers in 2006, obtained sustained vowel sounds ( /a / ) and a nasalized ( /a / ) vowel from eight hypernasal grownups. The writers observe high(prenominal) VLHR values in nasalized sounds than unwritten sounds, supplying farther grounds in support to the VLHR technique for measuring hypernasality.Lee et Al ( 2009 ) measured VLHR in topics with hypernasality caus ed by palatine fistulous withers and velopharyngeal inadequacy for sustained vowels. The consequences of their survey revealed important differences between VLHR values, hypernasality tonss and nasalence steps. In contrast to the old surveies, Vogel et Al ( 2009 ) compared VLHR and one 3rd octave analysis in cleft roof of the mouth kids to mensurate hypernasality. Consequences revealed that merely one 3rd octave spectra analysis differentiated hypernasal address between cleft roof of the mouth and normal kids. The difference obtained between these two surveies ( Lee et al, 2009 Vogel et al. , 2009 ) may be because of the methodological analysis employed to pull out VLHR and the pathological status and age of the topics participated in their survey. Sing all these factors the efficaciousness of non-invasive technique, like VLHR to measure hypernasality remains inconclusive in clinical population like Cleft lip/palate.Need FOR THE PRESENT STUDYVery few surveies have been conducted to mensurate the nasality in cleft roof of the mouth topics utilizing VLHR. But, the consequences of these surveies are inconclusive and necessitate farther probe in other linguistic communications besides. Hence, the present survey was aimed to observe the differences in VLHR between cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics utilizing address samples collected in Malayalam linguistic communication.AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDYThe present survey was aimed to observe the differences in VLHR between cleft roof of the mouth and normal persons for voice undertaking, reciprocation list undertaking and transit reading undertaking.MethodologySubjects A sum of 40 immature grownups within the age scope of 17 to 26 old ages participated in the survey. They were divided into two concourses. separate I consisted of 20 cleft roof of the mouth persons ( 10 males and 10 females, average =19 old ages ) . They were included in the survey if they had a diagnosing of inborn cleft roof of the mouth, under gone primary surgery to mend the cleft roof of the mouth, and go toing or had been referred for address therapy. Group II consisted of 20 normal, age and gender matched control topics.The topics were screened for address, linguistic communication and hearing by speech linguistic communication diagnostician. wholly the topics were native talkers of Malayalam linguistic communication. Subjects with a upper respiratory piece of land infections, blocked nose or with rhinal congestion as assessed during the oro-motor scrutiny were excluded from the survey. judge Material The stuffs involved three different assortments of address samples ( 1 ) sustained voice samples ( /a / , /i / and /u / ) ( 2 ) six soakedingful intelligence informations selected from Malayalam Articulation Test ( Mayadevi, 1990 ) which consisted of force per unit area consonants and ( 3 ) a standard Malayalam Reading Passage ( Anita, 1999 ) were used.Instrumentality The recordings were carried out at address scie ntific discipline research lab of the infirmary. The address samples for the survey were put down utilizing Sony digital recording equipment ICD-U60 placed 10 centimeters off from the talker s oral cavity. This recorded address samples were fed into the Praat package ( Version 5.1.43 ) digitally and sampled at 16K Hz, 12 spot quantisation and Praat book was used to pull out the VLHR parametric quantity. subprogram All participants were instructed to bring forth three tests of sustained vowels ( /a / , /i / and /u / ) for a minimal continuance of 5 sec six selected word list from Malayalam Articulation Test ( Mayadevi, 1990 ) and to read a standard Malayalam Reading Passage ( Anita, 1999 ) at their comfy pitch and loudness degree. A sum of 720 ( 3 vowels*6 words*1 sentence*40 topics ) items were acoustically analyzed to pull out VLHR parametric quantity.The voice spectra was derived utilizing fast fourier transform ( FFT ) with Praat package for all the address samples recorded and averaged for farther analysis. Acoustic information was analyzed in conformity with the prescribed protocols for VLHR ( Lee et al. , 2006 2003 ) . VLHR was calculated by spliting the spectrum into a low frequence power subdivision ( LFP ) and a high frequence power subdivision ( HFP ) . The mean spectrum was divided into low frequence and high frequence parts utilizing a cutoff frequence of 600 Hz by utilizing Praat book ( Lee et al, 2009 ) . The equation for VLHR is as follows VLHR= 10 A- log10 ( LFP/HFP ) . VLHR was used to cipher values on sustained vowel undertakings ( /a / , /i / , /u / ) , six meaningful words and a sentence from standard innovation were used and it was expressed in dubnium.Statistical analysis The information was subjected to statistical analysis utilizing SPSS ( Version 17 ) . The mean and standard divergence values of VLHR for address samples were calculated and tabulated for each topic. Analysis of Variance was used on the information to find the import ant difference between the multitudes and address samples.ConsequenceVLHR for voice undertaking For voice undertaking, the average VLHR values for /a/ , /i/ & A /u/ was 12.79 dubnium, 16.79 dubnium and 16.81 dubnium for topics with cleft roof of the mouth and for normal topics it was 4.14 dubnium, 9.59 dubnium and 6.93 dubnium severally. Consequences showed that high forepart vowel /i/ had the highest VLHR value followed by high back vowel /u/ and low mid vowel /a/ for both the companys. Table 1 and Graph 1 depicts the mean and SD of VLHR. Results of ANOVA indicated important difference between collection I and company II subjects for all the vowels ( F= 50.389 p=0.000 ) .Voice undertakingGroup IGroup IIF value stringentSouth dakotaMeanSouth dakota/a/12.792.154.142.86F=50.389P & lt 0.005/i/16.73.619.592.51/u/16.814.836.934.32Table 1 Mean and SD VLHR values for group I and group II subjects for voice undertaking.Graph 1 Represents the average values of voice undertaking for /a / , /i/ and /u/ for Group I and Group II subjects.VLHR for word list Table 2 represents the mean and SD values of VLHR for words for cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics. In word list undertaking, the mean VLHR value for dissected roof of the mouth topics was 10.21 dubnium and for normal topics it was 3.53 dubnium. Consequences showed higher average VLHR values for cleft roof of the mouth topics than the normal capable values for all the words selected for the survey. On statistical analysis, consequences revealed a important difference between groups ( F=60.34 p=0.000 ) . tidings ListGroup IGroup IIF valueMeanSouth dakotaMeanSouth dakotaWord 111.704.205.473.5F=60.34P & lt 0.005Word 29.4224.563.551.84Word 310.694.862.701.82Word 411.265.012.941.30Word 59.144.922.552.02Word 68.883.293.962.38Overall Mean10.214.583.532.47Table 2 Mean and SD VLHR values in dubnium for group I and group II persons for word list undertaking.Graph 2 Represents the average values of word list undertak ing for group I and group II subjects.VLHR for transition reading For transition reading undertaking, the mean VLHR value for dissected roof of the mouth topics was 9.68 dubnium and for normal topics it was 2.31 dubnium. Table 3 and Graph 3 shows the VLHR values for transition reading undertaking for group I and group II subjects. Consequences showed important differences for groups ( F=48.54 p= 0.000 ) for transition reading.Passage readingGroup IGroup IIF valueMeanSouth dakotaMeanSouth dakota9.682.31F=48.54 P & lt 0.005Table 3 Mean and SD VLHR values in dubnium for group I and group II persons for transition reading undertaking.Graph 3 Represents the average values of transition reading undertaking for group I and group II subjects.DiscussionVowel /a/ had important decline VLHR values compared to vowel /i/ and /u/ . This consequence of the present survey supports the findings of Neumann & A Dalston, 2001 and Lewis et Al, 2000. The higher VLHR values obtained may be due to the articulatory positions assumed during the production of these vowels. The low mid vowel /a/ is a unfastened vowel which creates relatively small opposition to airflow out of the oral cavity. Therefore the maximal energy is transmitted through the unwritten pit and therefore comparatively lower VLHR values compared to vowel /i/ and /u/ values ( Lee et al. , 2009 ) . Whereas in instance of cleft roof of the mouth persons because of velopharyngeal insufficiency there might be more of nasal energy flight which is indicated through the higher VLHR values than normal topics for voice undertaking. The consequences besides support the findings of Moore & A Sommers ( 1973 ) who reported the greater stigmatize of nasality on high vowels as the high vowels make greater demand upon the valving map i.e. , higher points of posterior pharyngeal wall/ velar consonant contacts, tighter velopharyngeal seals and greater velar jaunt.Higher VLHR values obtained in dissected roof of the mouth topic s were similar to other surveies. Similar consequences were obtained in topics with rhinal obstruction after intervention for rhinal congestion ( Lee et al, ( 2003 ) , in palatine fistulous withers and velopharyngeal inadequacy topics ( Lee et Al ( 2009 ) . The consequences of their survey revealed higher VLHR values and important differences between VLHR values, hypernasality tonss and nasalence steps. In contrast to the old surveies, Vogel et Al ( 2009 ) compared VLHR and one 3rd octave analysis in cleft roof of the mouth kids to mensurate hypernasality. Consequences concluded that merely one 3rd octave spectra analysis differentiated hypernasal address between cleft roof of the mouth and normal kids. The major difference obtained between these two surveies ( Lee et al, 2009 Vogel et al. , 2009 ) may be because of the methodological analysis employed to pull out VLHR and the pathological status and age of the topics participated in their survey.The ground attributed for higher VL HR values for word list and transition reading undertaking may be due to the acoustic characteristics of the pharyngeal topographic point of articulation, notably low frequence resound energy chiefly in the chief formant part ( i.e. , the part of F1 and F2 ) . The form of the vowels was non good defined, peculiarly because nasaliztion has greatly reduced the amplitude of F2 so that this formant is hardly ostensible in the spectrograph. Another common site of articulative compensations, the voice box, besides tends to be associated with acoustic energy in the chief formant part. olibanum both guttural and laryngeal compensation contribute to comparatively low-frequency acoustic construction for consonants. These speech compensations hence are characterized by diminished or absent cues in some spectral parts but by extra cues in other spectral parts.Overall survey consequences showed statistical important difference between the groups for all the address samples collected. The aver age VLHR values in dubnium were higher for cleft roof of the mouth topics compared to that of normal topics. The consequences are in consonant rhyme with the findings of Lee et al. , ( 2003 2009 ) whereas in disagreement with Vogel et al. , ( 2009 ) . The higher VLHR values obtained in the present survey may be attributed to the belongingss of increased low frequence energy i.e. , rhinal formant and reduced high frequence energy i.e. , anti resonance of rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics because of velopharyngeal insufficiency which was absent in normal topics ( Chen, 1996 Kent, Weismer & A Duffy, 1999 ) . Thus addition in the amplitude of frequences between F1 and F2 every bit good as lessening in the amplitude above F2 have been linked to hypernasality and these alterations were vox populi to be captured via VLHR ( Lee et al, 2009 ) .DecisionThe purpose of the present survey was to observe the differences in VLHR for address samples between cleft roof of the mouth and normal topics. Consequences revealed that the VLHR values were higher for cleft roof of the mouth topics for all the address samples analyzed. The important difference obtained may be because of the belongingss of increased low frequence energy and reduced high frequence energy of rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics. Hence, we conclude that VLHR parametric quantity is sensitive plenty to observe rhinal voices in cleft roof of the mouth topics and can be implemented as a everyday clinical tool for nasality measuring. And besides the sensed success of surgical or curative intercession in dissected palate topics can be measured quantitatively with the VLHR parametric quantity extraction. Further surveies can be carried out with more figure of participants and besides in other Indian linguistic communications to set up normative.

Beliefs on Pregnancy Essay

This paper is about the effect of superstitious beliefs and practices in the Philippines on pregnancy. It explores the role of nurses in caring for culturally diverse Philippine patients and families in a safe and effective way. The paper provides a historical background, topic facts, impact of the superstitious beliefs on pregnancy, nursing responsibilities, interventions, teachings and cultural impact on pregnancy.The Philippines is a country of many superstitions and beliefs. These practices be handed down from their ancient forefathers. Philippine beliefs and practices have grown in form throughout the various regions and provinces in the country. irrational beliefs or practices are considered to be irrational beliefs about an object or action that can influence the consequences of an event (Francia, 2010). There is a great number of folk beliefs Philippines carry starting from birth, childhood, adolescence, wedding and even death. These beliefs xd to talk about life, fami ly, luck, wealth, and one of the most talked about is the reproductive health of a cleaning lady during and after pregnancy.Topic Facts Filipinos have been famous for their superstitious beliefs and practices. These practices may be based on religious beliefs, opinions and real life experiences. According to some Filipino beliefs, cravings for food during pregnancy should be satisfied. Some enceinte women may avoid eating black foods to avoid the birth of an infant with dark skin tone. offensive emotions experienced by pregnant women may be blamed for causing birthmarks. Traditional customs in the Philippines dictate that women should not bathe for about ten days after giving birth (Franchino, 2011). Bathing during these times is seen as a cause of ill health and rheumatism in old age. parazoan baths and steam baths could be used as alternatives. Filipina women may object to having a shower immediately after birth. Some Filipinas bind their abdomen tightly believe that the practi ce helps to prevent bleeding and helps the uterus to retract. Postpartum women may be massaged with coconut oil with the aim of restoring their lost health.This practice is believed to help expel the line of business clots from the uterus, restores the uterus into the prepregnant position and promotes lactation. Impact to M other and Fetus Many of the customs surrounding the treatment of pregnant Filipina women come from hundreds of years ago when prenatal charge was not available. It is the responsibility of the residential district and family to help the mother carry a child to term. The emotional state of the pregnant mother, surroundings and cultural influences have a profound effect on the health and development of the unborn child. In the Philippines, it is not permitted to argue with a pregnant woman.She always has the last word. The behavior of the pregnant woman is believed to affect the unborn baby. They are protected from any trauma or shock. The pregnant woman is forb idden to have any cruel or bad thoughts. One of the most awaited stages in the life of a Filipina is their reproduction (Hicks, 2011). It is also considered the most susceptible part with regards to health. Families, especially the husband and parents bankrupt their utmost care and support to the woman who is pregnant. care for Responsibilities It is the responsibility of a nurse to be a culturally competent provider. A nurse moldiness value diversity and respect individual differences regardless of ones age, race, religious beliefs, or ethnocultural background. A nurse must demonstrate knowledge and catch of their clients culture, health related needs and culturally specific meanings of health and illness. A nurse must resist judgmental attitudes. Being overspread and comfortable with cultural encounters is a major responsibility that nurses must face. Nurses should accept responsibility for ones own education in cultural competency by attending conferences, reading professional literature, and observing cultural practices (Purnell, 2009). There are differences among cultures but one culture is not better than the other.Nursing Interventions Nursing interventions are designed to help the client meet the desired outcomes of pregnancy. Interventions include care to the Filipina client as well as the family. A nurse should rate family structure and availability of significant others and family. Filipino culture is very communal and interdependent. This collective culture has an impact in the care of the pregnant mother. Family members and neighbors work unneurotic to care for the pregnant mother. This atmosphere supports the well-being of both mother and fetus. Nursing Teaching Filipino culture greatly influences how a patient learns. Most Filipinos are observant. During a teaching session, a pregnant Filipinas nod may have several meanings. It may indicate comprehension, agreement or some other message that may be difficult for the client to disclose. It i s important to know who has the authority in the patients culture.In a contemporary Filipino family, decisions are largely influenced by the intimate circle of family. A nurse must consider that a pregnant Filipina respects the opinions of a network of family and community health advisers. They are important for building trust and rapport in the client-provider relationship. Cultural Impact This paper has looked at the beliefs and practices in pregnancy that impact Filipino culture. A culturally competent health care and community involvement are recommended strategies for improving health care (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion & Alden, 2012). It influences how the mother and fetus is cared for during pregnancy. These beliefs are do because Filipinos believe that that there is nothing to lose if they comply with these beliefs. A nurse should incorporate the cultural health practices of a client in the teaching excogitation for it to be effective. The Philippines has maintained and passe d on a lot of customary beliefs. These beliefs are still practiced today.ReferencesFranchino, V., (2011). Philippines (1st ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan Cherry Lake Publishing. Francia, L., (2010). A history of the Philippines from Indio Bravos to Filipinos (1st ed.). New York require Press.Hicks, N., (2011). Enchanting Philippines (1st ed.). Oxford John Beaufoy Publishing. Lowdermilk, D.L., Perry, S., Cashion, K., & Alden, K.R., (2012). Maternity and womens health care (10th ed.). Missouri Mosby.Purnell, L., (2009). Guide to culturally competent health care (2nd ed.). Philadelphia F.A. Davis Company.

Effective HRM and its impact on an organisation Essay

Effective world choice is instrumental for ensuring the sustainable success of the administration as a whole. piece resource is the most alpha resource in any investment. This is because it is the force behind the conversion of other resource into profitable products of services to the corporation. The roles of human resource management are to recruit, training, engaging, and retaining a strong workforce for the organisation (Jackson & Mathis 2008, p. 56). As an important role of an effective human resource management, it must seek to run into that it attracts and recruit the best medical prognosiss to suit the requirements of the organisation.This gives the organisation a competitive value of sustainable realisation of its strategic plan. The other function of effective HRM is to train workforce. A trained workforce serves the supreme purpose of providing quality services to the organisation. It is due to this that the function of effective human resource management to tr ain the workforce remains of great importance to the organisation (Bates 2002). In addition, training should entail instilling a strong respect and uphold of the companys corporate civilisation to new employees.This promotes accountability and reduces conflicts of interest. Effective HRM should invest much resource in developing and executing an efficient employee use policy. Employee engagement functions to encourage employee commitment towards the proceeding of the burster and objectives of the organisation (Bates 2002). This has the implication engaging employees as a function of effective HRM is a crucial factor in enhancing the competitive profitability of the organisation. The closing important function of effective HRM is retention of the best employees in the organisation.With a strong workforce, a company is assured of meeting the demands of its customers as well as the dictates of its strategic lineage plan (Sempere, Lillo, & Lajara 2002, p. 13). This is because suc h a workforce enjoys the competitive advantage of innovatively resolving company line of works. On the other hand, retention of employees save the organisation the huge costs involved in employee enlisting and training process. Thus effective HRM plays a pivotal role in the success of a company. Strengths and weaknesses of online recruitmentOnline recruitment practices are increasing becoming common in the modern business world. The practice enjoys the advantage of convenience. Online recruitment involves the access of potential employees from an online database, evaluating their qualification, and choosing the most suitable candidate (Starcke 1996). This has the implication that online recruitment saves the organisation succession. Just to be appreciated is the fact that the process of traditional recruiting entails conducting physical interviews with the candidates, an act which no doubt wastes time.Moreover, time is one of the most valuable resources in an organisation (Wuttke 2008, p. 34). This makes online recruitment to be of importance in saving time while getting the required talent. separate strength of online recruitments is cost effective and has provisions of variety of talents from across the globe. Online recruitment is entails the practice of candidate access at the click of the button, making less costly. On the other hand, the practice promotes diversity in an organisation as it provides the employer with a cross-cultural workforce from across the globe (Johannasen 2009).Such are instrumental in promoting innovation in the organisation. Nevertheless, online recruitment has a number of weaknesses. First, it opens a loophole for potential employment of unqualified candidates. Faking of certificates is not a new thing across the globe. Although the employer mightiness realise of the certification problem, the costs and time incurred in facilitating the employment deal remains a major loss to the organisation (Younger 2007). Therefore, the pra ctice fails to protect the authenticity of the information given by the candidates.Another weakness of online recruitment is that it involves too many candidates, an element that makes it demanding to make the right choice. Online job applications are quite many. disdain the specifications of qualification given by the employer many irrelevant applicants post their application. This means that the employer will be faced with the problem of sorting out numerous improper and irrelevant candidates, an action that is no doubt time consuming (Jahannasen 2009).However, this can be easily resolved if clear description of job is made and the employers uses the candidate screening tools of the online job site board to limit candidate spam. Advantages of training and development to both organisation and individual Training and attentioner development in an organisation is of great important to both the organisation and the individual. The organisation seeks to ensure the availability of re liable workforce to aid in the realisation of its strategic business plans. To achieve this goal, the company should train and development career (Wilson 2005).It is worth noting that different companies have different approaches to their businesses. Further, education seems to be the same for students of the same profession. This has the indication that the ultimate skill and experience enjoyed by employees reflect their training in a particular organisation (Wilson 2005, p. 102). Therefore, training and development will promote the effectiveness of the workforce in executing their duties. Another advantage of training and development is that it promotes employee commitment to the company mission and objective.Employee engagement practices are instrumental in promoting employee commitment to the mission and objectives of an organisation. According to the principles of effective human resource management, training of employees is one of the reliable tools of ensuring their satisfact ion at the workplace (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2009). This is due to the fact that training eliminates the demoralisation aspects brought by failure to efficiently realise ones expectations at the workplace. In addition, training gives employees an opportunity to achieve their professional career goals while earning a living.All these are important are important in meeting the social and economic responsibilities of both the individual and the organisation. Training and career development serves the important role of strengthening the reputation of an organisation. Reputation remains the best grocerying tool for the products and services of any business. On the other side, the reputation of a company is defined by the effectiveness and reliability of its services to the customers (Aidele 2009, p. 76). This means that an organisation should have in place a strong workforce to meet its market demands.This calls for engaging in employee training and career development since such is vital tools in promoting innovative solving of problems. Still, providing training and development gives the organisation the competitive advantage of identifying the best talent for its workforce as it eliminates certification qualifications to engage in seeking actual capabilities of its employees. Why pitiable performance occurs and the strategies that can be apply to overcome it Poor performance in an organisation is to be blamed to poor human resource management.This can be evident from failure of the HRM in its four main functions. Hiring discrimination practices which lead to recruitment of unqualified candidates compromises the reliability of the company workforce in providing quality services to the organisation. Another cause of poor performance is lack of training and engagement to employees (Booth 1993, p. 81). An informed and satisfied workforce gives reliable services to the company with a high degree of commitment. As an HRM function, employee engagement does not o nly promote commitment but also accountability of the employees in their duties.Therefore, poor performance can occur due to failure by the HRM in one or more of its functions namely recruiting, training, engaging and retaining the best employees for the organisation. To overcome this problem, organisations should in formulating and implementing strong positive corporate culture to govern its human resource (Booth 1993, p. 89). This culture should dictate for giving employment opportunities on merit to mitigating incidence of recruiting unqualified and thus unreliable employees into the organisation.In addition, employee training must be given priority as it serves to equip the workforce with adequate knowledge on the operations and expectations of the organisation from them. This is important in mitigating operational mistakes of failures. Another schema is employee engagement which seeks to enhance the commitment by employees to the mission and objectives of the organisation (Wer ner, Shuler, & Jackson 2008, p. 66). Most employees perform poorly due to failure by the company to care for their personal needs.However, the practice of employee engagement seeks to appreciate and address the social and economic concerns of individual employees as a way of ensuring their sustainable job satisfaction. The last system is striving to retain the best employees in an organisation. Most organisations lose reliable employees due to poor conflict resolution policies. This negates their sustainable development objectives, a problem that calls for implementation of an effective conflict resolution policies to eliminate resignations or conflict at workplace which compromises performance.

Nvocc

Introduction Globalization has lead to an increase in the integration of national markets and the interdependence of Countries worldwide pay back opened their boundaries for a wide range of goods, services, and commodities. Today, in a globalised economy, no nation is self-sufficient. Every nation is involved at different levels in stack to sell what it produces, in order to gain what it lacks and likewise to produce more effectively than their partners. Maritime history, the study of human activity at sea, covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach.Freight forwarders typic everyy arrange cargo movement to an internationalistic destination. Also referred to as international freight forwarders, they engender the expertise that allows them to prep be and process the documentation and perform think activities pertaining to international shipments. Some of the typical information re resumeed by a freight forwarder is the commercial invoice, shippe rs export declaration, circuit card of lading and other documents required by the carrier or country of export, import, or transhipment. Much of this information is now processed in a paperless environment.A freight forwarder who does not own vessel, but functions as a carrier by issuing its own bills of lading and assuming responsibility for the shipments is called an NVOCC Non vessel Operating Common Carrier. Firm that ship cargo on behalf of its client. NVOCC functions like any other carrier, issuing its own bills of lading or air waybills. there are numerous benefits of using a Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier. They can besides help a company save time and resources because of their sense and immense knowledge of the cargo shipping industry.This knowledge includes information on what the most effective and efficient routes of delivery are, based on specific destinations. They have expertise in most of the constituents of cargo shipping, packaging, pickup and delivery. T his knowledge is institutional in providing a cargo with the best possible standards in accordance with international standards of delivery. Non-vessel operating plebeian carriers are considered to be oneness of the intermediaries in the shipping industry.The latest rightfulness in this area has defined the NVOCC as a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its affinity with the ocean carrier Latest law has defined the NVOCC as a common carrier which does not own or operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with the ocean carrier. NVOCC operators buy space from ocean carriers for consolidated shipments from a variety of clients.Documentation, logistical planning and warehousing of cargo from the port to final destination also are taken care of as part of the services provided. It was in 1951, when first intermodal modern day container was built and in 1955 first intermodal transport was operated. For the heading to stream line the movement of container from origin to destination, there were intermediaries at each stage in the system. Ocean Freight Forwarder, Custom Clearance Agents, Trucking Agency, railway Booking and Wagon Lease Agency, Container Freight Station, Port Clearance Agents, etc. Components Each time of the following three stages, i. . Inland Transportation at origin, trade route and Finally Inland Transportation at destination, a new Bill of Lading was importd and cargo was insured. With International Trade increasing in 1970s, efficiencies from containerisation led to trade of large volume and increased ocean carriers attention to ship with Full container load (FCL). That was the time when NVOCC emerged into the business. NVOCCs are considered as one of the intermediaries in maritime industry. NVOCCs went a way ahead in the business and provided end to end logistic solution even to small shipp ers. task Model for NVOCC follows as shown below.At the origin, a NVOCC plays a role of consolidator as well as packaging agency, whereby they take part parcels from various shippers and consolidate in one full load container. Increase in efficiency and low time turn out time in transportation from inland depots to gateways of port. some other concept of Multicity Consolidation (MCC) is also leveraged by NVOCCs. Once the cargo is placed in Container Freight Stations (CFS) or ware house at ICDs, warhead to a same destination is consolidated in one FCL. In this way NVOCCs filled a transportation niche, featurely for inland ports, as onsolidator for smaller shippers ignored or abandoned by the ocean carrier. NVOCC Bill of lading NVOCCs releases MULTIMODAL House Bill of Ladings (HBL) once they run a door-to-door service. They unwrap this HBL against shipper/final consignee whilst the Steam Ship Line issues a Master B/L (MBL) against the forwarder at origin and the forwarder at dest ination. NVOCCs play an important part in international trade. It is important that safeguards are in place to ensure the security of blank Bills of Lading, and there are systems in place to track them if they are misused.A NVOCC, who does not charter an entire ship, concludes contracts of bearing with several shippers/freight forwarders concerning individual shares or containers. When the NVOCC has accumulated an appropriate number of orders, he concludes a contract of carriage with a carrier who actually will perform the transportation. The NVOCC makes money by obtaining a better price from the carrier than he (the NVOCC) thrills his shippers. The main duty of a carrier consists of the unconditional and unlimited obligation to transport the goods from the port of loading to the port of destination.The commitment to fulfil the transport obligation is the only and decisive amount for a carrier. The salient features of NVOCC (Exports Sea) are as below ?Register Individual shipmen t, Shipping Bill wise. ?society multiple shipping bills under one HBL. ?Club multiple HBLs under one Master B/L. ? pass water and print Master and House Bill of Lading. ?Specify B/L Charges for various charge heads for both payment and receipts and in any currency. ?Prepare Challan report for HBL. ?Prepare and send Consol Manifest. ?A uncomparable Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined.These alerts can be mailed at one time to the customer. ?Prepare and send Shipping Advice to customer. ?Prepare and Print Container Load Plan (CLP). ?Shipped On board (SOB) or Shut Out report preparation. ?Track transhipment details of containers at various freight rate Hubs. ? confused Customer Service reports. Can be sent directly through email from system. ?Prepare and print various types of Invoices e. g. Services and Freight, Brokerage, Lifting Shifting etc. including to abroad Agent. The salient features of NVOCC (Imports Sea) are as below ?Record various details for Import Shipment. Maintain various stages of shipment in its life cycle. ?A unique Alert system which updates the user on current status of shipments based on shipment life cycle defined. These alerts can be mailed directly to the customer. ?Keep track of various charges related to a shipment e. g. Freight, Fuel Surcharge, Ex-Works etc. ?Prepare, print and send Cargo Arrival Notice (CAN) to Importer for collection of charges which are linked to Accounts. ?Receive or Send Delivery Order (DO) as the case may be. ?Checks for shipment under Bank Release Order (BRO) and controls issue of DO. Overseas Agents inward invoice/Credit/Debit Note can be booked into system for each shipment with profit sharing. ?A end Foreign Remittances module for payment and receipts with RBI and bank covering letters/forms. The salient features of NVOCC (Accounts) are as below ?Complete accounting package to suit specifically the needs of freight forwarding/NVOCC busin ess with multi location and multi division activity. ?Managing the accounts of individual profit centres combined with common accounting books. ?Prepare/ view trial balance/ profit and loss/ balance sheet for individual profit centres as well as entire company. Prepare and print all types of vouchers e. g. Cash/Bank payment and receipts and Journal vouchers. ? recognises and payments can be booked against particular invoices with TDS deducted details. ?Book Trade Bills i. e. related to a particular shipment e. g. Transport or Freight Debit notes. ?Facility for Non Trade bills where tracking can be had for each item in a bill e. g. stationery items, Telephones etc. with separate recording of Service Tax Charged. ?Complete Cheque Book Management module for tracking of checks bank wise and also cancelled and post dated cheques. Merge Data of different Branches in Head Office. ?Complete Security module for rights of each user to operate a certain part of software. ?Data can be exported to TALLY accounting Package. Working of NVOCCs at Various stages Warehousing & In plant Logistics Receipt Unloading into warehousing Inspection Storage including stacking Preservation Order execution Dispatch and loading into own/customers vehicle Yard Management Receipt of Cargo Inspection Storage Inventory Management Order execution Billing Dispatch to Customers Value Added Services Unpacking/Repacking Grading / SortingBreak-bulk Labelling / Bar Coding hop up Sealing / Shrink Wrapping Assembly related services Quality Check Information Related Services MIS on stock, dispatch KPI related MIS Invoicing related MIS Preparation / submission of Excise returns Invoicing Order Processing Invoice Printing Related Statutory Documentation Inventory Management Re-order Level Assessment & finalization Stock-aging & FSN analysis Distribution (Secondary Transportation) Transportation to Customers premises Unloading at Customers premises Transit Insurance (as required) Reverse Logistics Transpo rt Load Optimisation

Investigatory Project “ Kaymito Leaves Decoction as Antiseptic Mouthwash ” Essay

Introduction1.1 Problem StatementFractures are prevalent in natural and synthetic structural media, scour in the best engineered materials. We find fractures in basic principle, in sandst iodine aquifers and embrocate reservoirs, in trunk layers and even in unconsolidated materials (Figures 1.1 to 1.4). Fractures are in any case common in concrete, used either as a structural material or as a liner for storage tanks (Figure 1.5). Clay liners used in landfills, soap and brine disposal pits or for underground storage tanks can fracture, releasing their liquid contents to the subsurface (Figure 1.6). Even flexible materials such as pave fracture with date (Figure 1.7).The fact that fractures are inevitable has led to spending billions of research dollars to construct safe long-term (10,000 years or more) storage for superior nuclear waste (Savage, 1995 IAEA, 1995), both to determine which construction techniques are least likely to result in failure and what are the implicatio ns of a failure, in wrong of release to the environment and potential contamination of ground water sources or exposure of humans to high levels of radioactivity.Why do materials fail? In to the highest degree cases, the material is flawed from its genesis. In crystalline materials, it may be the inclusion of bingle different atom or molecule in the structure of the growing crystal, or simply the juncture of two crystal tacks. In secureional materials, different grain types and sizes may be laid raft, resulting in layering which then becomes the initiation plane for the fracture. Most materials fail because of mechanical stresses, for example the weight of the overburden, or heaving (Atkinson, 1989 Heard et al., 1972). Some mechanical stresses are applied constantly2 until the material fails, others are delivered in a sudden event. Other causes of failure are thermal stresses, drying and wetting cycles and chemical annihilation.After a material fractures, the two faces of the fracture may be subject to additional stresses which either close or open the fracture, or may subject it to shear. Other materials may temporarily or permanently deposit in the fracture, partially or totally blocking it for subsequent fluid fly the coop. The fracture may be almost shut for millions of years, but if the material becomes exposed to the surface or near surface environment, the resulting loss of overburden or weathering may allow the fractures to open. In whatsoever cases, we are actually interested in introducing fractures in the subsurface, via hydraulic (Warpinski, 1991) or pneumatic fracturing (Schuring et al., 1995), or more powerful means, to increase fluid flow in oil reservoirs or at grime sites. Our picky focus in this study is the role that fractures play in the movement of contaminations in the subsurface. piddle supply from fractured bedrock aquifers is common in the linked States (Mutch and Scott, 1994). With increasing frequency contaminated fra ctured aquifers are detected (NRC, 1990). In m either cases, the source of the contamination is a Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) which is either in pools or as residual ganglia in the fractures of the porous matrix. Dissolution of the NAPL may occur over several decades, resulting in a growing plume of dissolved contaminants which is transported by means of the fractured aquifer due to natural or imposed hydraulic gradients. Fractures in aquitards may allow the seepage of contaminants, either dissolved or in their own anatomy, into water sources.Fluid flow in the fractured porous media is of significance not only in the context of contaminant transport, but also in the production of oil from reservoirs, the generation of locomote for power from geothermal reservoirs, and the foreseeion of structural integrity or failure of large geotechnical structures, such as dams or foundations. Thus, the results of this study pretend a wide range of applications.The conceptual model of a t ypical contaminant spill into porous media has been put forward by Abriola (1989), Mercer and Cohen (1990), Kueper and McWhorter (1991) and Parker et al. (1994). In some cases, the contaminant is dissolved in water and thus3 travels in a fractured aquifer or aquitard as a solute. Fractures provide a fast channel for widely distributing the contaminant throughout the aquifer and also result in contaminant transport in somewhat un look forable directions, depending on the fracture planes that are intersected (Hsieh et al., 1985).More typically a contaminant enters the subsurface as a liquid phase separate from the gaseous or aqueous phases present (Figure 1.8). The NAPL may be leaking from a dishonored or decaying storage vessel (e.g. in a gasoline station or a refinery) or a disposal pond, or may be spilt during transport and use in a manufacturing process (e.g. during degreasing of metal parts, in the electronics industry to clean semiconductors, or in an airfield for cleaning jet engines). The NAPL travels number one through the un arrant(a) zone, under three-phase flow conditions, displacing air and water. The variations in matrix perme business leader, due to the heterogeneity of the porous medium, result in additional deviations from vertical flow.If the NAPL encounters layers of middling less(prenominal) permeable materials (e.g. silt or clay lenses, or even tightly packed sand), or materials with smaller contracts and thus a higher capillary tubing entry pressure (e.g. NAPL entering a tight, water-filled porous medium), it will tend to flow mostly in the horizontal direction until it encounters a path of less resistance, either more permeable or with larger pores. Microfractures in the matrix are also important in allowing the NAPL to flow through these lowpermeability lenses. When the NAPL reaches the capillary fringe, two scenarios may arise. First, if the NAPL is less dense than water (LNAPL, e.g. gasoline, most hydrocarbons), then buoyancy force s will allow it to float on top of the water table.The NAPL first forms a small mound, which quickly spreads horizontally over the water table (Figure 1.9). When the water table rises due to recharge of the aquifer, it displaces the NAPL pool upward, but by that time the intensity level of NAPL may be so low that it becomes disconnected. Disconnected NAPL will usually not flow under two-phase (water and NAPL) conditions.Connected NAPL will move up and down with the movements of the water table, being smeared until becomes disconnected. If the water table goes above the disconnected NAPL, it will begin to slowly dissolve. NAPL in the unsaturated zone will4 slowly volatilize. The rates of disintegration and volatilization are controlled by the flow of water or air, respectively (Powers et al., 1991 Miller et al., 1990 Wilkins et al., 1995 Gierke et al, 1990). A plume of dissolved NAPL will form in the ground water, as well as a plume of volatilized NAPL in the unsaturated zone.If th e NAPL is denser than water (DNAPL, e.g. chlorinated essential solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls, tars and creosotes), then once it reaches the water table it begins to form a mound and spread horizontally until either there is enough mass to overcome the capillary entry pressure (DNAPL into a water saturated matrix) or it finds a path of less resistance into the water-saturated matrix, either a fracture or a more porous/permeable region. Once in the saturated zone, the DNAPL travels downward until either it reaches a low enough saturation to become disconnected (forming drops or ganglia) and immobile, or it finds a low-permeability layer. If the layer does not extend very far, the DNAPL will flow horizontally around it.In many cases, the DNAPL reaches bedrock (Figure 1.10). The rock usually contains fractures into which the DNAPL flows readily, displacing water. The capillary entry pressure into most fractures is quite low, on the order of a few centimeters of DNAPL head (Kuepe r and McWhorter, 1991). Flow into the fractures continues until either the fracture becomes highly DNAPL saturated, or the fracture is filled or closed below, or the DNAPL spreads swerve enough to become disconnected. The DNAPL may flow into horizontal fractures within the fracture network.In terms of remediation strategies, DNAPLs in fractured bedrock are probably one of the most intractable problems (National Research Council, 1994). They are a continuous source of dissolved contaminants for years or decades, making any pumping or active bioremediation utility(a) a very long term and costly proposition. Excavation down to the fractured bedrock is very expensive in most cases, and removal of the contaminated bedrock even more so.Potential remediation alternatives for betation, include dewatering the contaminated zone via high-rate pumping and then applying Soil Vapor Extraction to remove volatile DNAPLs, or applying steam to mobilize and volatilize the DNAPL towards a collectio n well. An additional option is to use5 surfactants, either to increase the dissolution of DNAPL or to reduce its interfacial tension and thus remobilize it (Abdul et al., 1992). An study with remobilizing via surfactants is the potential to drive the DNAPLs further down in the aquifer or bedrock, complicating the removal.If an effective remediation scheme is to be engineered, such as Soil Vapor Extraction, steam injection or surfactant-enhanced dissolution or mobilization, we need to understand how DNAPLs flow through fractures. Flow may be either as a solute in the aqueous phase, as two separate phases (DNAPL-water) or as three phases (DNAPL, water and gas, either air or steam). Another complication in any remediation scheme, not addressed in this study, is how to characterize the fracture network. Which are the fractures that carry most of the flow? What is their aperture and direction? What is the density of fracturing in a particular medium? Are the fractures connected to othe r fractures, probably in other planes?How does one sample enough of the subsurface to generate a good humor of the complexity involved? Some techniques are beginning to emerge to determine some of the most important parameters. For example, pumping and tracer bullet tests (McKay et al., 1993 Hsieh et al., 1983) may provide enough study to determine the mean mechanical and hydraulic aperture of a fracture, as well as its main orientation. Geophysical techniques like seismic imaging, ground-penetrating radar and electrical conduction tests are being improved to assist in the determination of fracture zones (National Research Council, 1996).However, there is room for significant improvement in our current ability to characterize fractures in the subsurface. Even if we come to understand how single and multiphase flow occurs in a fracture, and the interactions between the fracture and the porous matrix contact it, how do we describe all these phenomena in a modeling framework? Clea rly, we cannot describe every fracture in a model that may consider scales of tens, hundreds or thousands of meters in one or more directions. One approach is to consider the medium as an equivalent continuum (Long, 1985), where the small-scale properties are somehow averaged in the macroscopic scale.Probably the best solution for averaging properties is to use a stochastic description of properties such as permeability (or6 hydraulic conductivity) including the effect of fractures on overall permeability, diffusivity, sorption capacity, grain size, wettability, etc. Another approach, first developed in the petroleum industry, is to consider a dual porosity/dual permeability medium (Bai et al., 1993 Zimmerman et al., 1993 Johns and Roberts, 1991 rabbit warren and Root, 1963), referring to the porosity and permeability of the matrix and the fracture. Diffusive or capillary forces drive the contaminants, or the oil and its components, into or out of the matrix, and most advective flo w occurs in the fractures. None of these models has yet been validated through controlled experiments.1.2 Research ObjectivesThe objectives of this research are To characterize the fracture aperture distribution of several fractured porous media at high colonisation To study the transport of a contaminant dissolved in water through fractured media, via experimental observation To study the physical processes involved in two- and three-phase displacements at the pore scale To observe two- and three-phase displacements in real fractured porous media To bring the experimental observations into a modeling framework for predictive purposes.1.3 Approach7To understand single and multiphase flow and transport processes in fractures, I first decided to characterize at a high level of resolution the fracture aperture distribution of a number of fractured rock cores victimization CAT-scanning. With this information, I determined the geometry and permeability of the fractures, which I then use to construct a numeral flow model. I also use this information to test the validity of predictive models that are based on the assumed statistics of the aperture distribution.For example, stochastic models (Gelhar, 1986) use the geometric mean of the aperture distribution to predict the transmissivity of a fracture, and show that the aperture variance and correlation length can be used to predict the dispersivity of a solute through a fracture. These models have not been, to my knowledge, been well-tried experimentally prior to this study. I compare these theoretical predictions of fracture transmissivity and dispersivity of a contaminant, with experimental results, both from the interpretation of the breakthrough curve of a non-sorbing tracer and from CAT-scans of the tracer movement through the fractured cores.To study multiphase displacements at the pore scale, we use a physical micromodel, which is a simile of a real pore position in two dimensions, etched onto a silicon sub strate. The advantage of having a realistic pore space, which for the first time has the correct pore body and pore throat dimensions in a micromodel, is that we can observe multiphase displacements under realistic conditions in terms of the balance between capillary and viscous forces. I conduct two- and three-phase displacements to observe the role that water and NAPL layers play in the mobilization of the various phases.The micromodels are also used to study the possible combinations of double displacements, where one phase displaces another which displaces a third phase. The pore scale observations have been captured by Fenwick and Blunt (1996) in a threedimensional, three-phase network model which considers flow in layers and allows for double displacements. This network model then can produce three-phase relative permeabilities as a function of phase saturation(s) and the displacement path (drainage, imbibition or a series of drainage and imbibition steps).8In addition, I use the fracture aperture information to construct capillary pressuresaturation curves for two phase (Pruess and Tsang, 1990) and three phases (Parker and Lenhard, 1987), as well as three-phase relative permeabilities (Parker and Lenhard, 1990). The fracture aperture distribution is also an input to a fracture network model which I use to study two-phase displacements (drainage and imbibition) under the assumption of capillary-dominated flow.To observe two- and three-phase displacements at a larger scale, in real fractured cores, I use the CAT-scanner. I can observe the displacements at various time steps, in permeable (e.g. sandstones) and impermeable (e.g. granites) fractured media, determining the paths that the different phases follow. These observations are then compared with the results of the network model as well as with more conventional numerical simulation.1.4 Dissertation OverviewThe work is presented in self-contained chapters. Chapter 2 deals with the high resolution mens uration and subsequent statistical characterization of fracture aperture. Chapter 3 uses the fracture aperture geostatistics to predict transmissivity and diffusivity of a solute in single-phase flow through a fracture, which is then tested experimentally. We also observe the flow of a tracer inside the fracture using the CAT-scanner, and relate the observations to numerical modeling results.Chapter 4 presents the theory behind the flow characteristics at the pore scale as well as the micromodel observations of two- and three-phase flow. In Chapter 5, twophase flow in fractured and unfractured porous media is presented, comparing CATscanned observations of various two-phase flow combinations (imbibition, drainage and water flooding) against numerical modeling results. Chapter 6 presents three-phase flow9 in fractures, comparing numerical results against CAT-scanner observations. Finally, Chapter 7 considers the plan relevance of these studies.1.5 ReferencesAtkinson, B. K., 1989 Fra cture Mechanics of Rock, Academic Press, clean York, pp. 548 Abdul, A. S., T. L. Gibson, C. C. Ang, J. C. Smith and R. E. Sobczynski, 1992 Pilot test of in situ surfactant washing of polychlorinated biphenyls and oils from a contaminated site, grunge Water, 302, 219-231Abriola, L., 1989 Modeling multiphase migration of organic chemicals in groundwater systems A review and assessment, Environmental Health Perspectives, 83, 117-143 Bai, M., D. Elsworth, J-C. Roegiers, 1993 Multiporosity/multipermeability approach to the simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs, Water Resources Research, 296, 1621-1633 Fenwick, D. H. and M. J. Blunt 1996, trine Dimensional Modeling of Three Phase Imbibition and Drainage, Advances in Water Resources, (in press)Gelhar, L. W., 1986 Stochastic subsurface hydrology From theory to applications., Water Resources Res., 22(9), 1355-1455.Gierke, J. S., N. J. Hutzler and J. C. Crittenden, Modeling the movement of volatile organic chemicals in columns of u nsaturated soil, Water Resources Research, 267, 1529-1547 Heard, H. C., I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter and C. B. Raleigh, 1972 Flow and fracture of rocks, Geophysical Monograph 16, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C. Hsieh, P. A., S. P. Neuman, G. K. Stiles and E. S. Simpson, 1985 Field determination of the threedimensional hydraulic conductivity of anisotropic media 2. methodology and application to fracture rocks, Water Resources Research, 2111, 1667-1676Hsieh, P. A., S. P. Neuman and E. S. Simpson, 1983 Pressure testing offractured rocks- A methodology employing three-dimensional cross-hole tests, Report NUREG/CR-3213 RW, Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 IAEA, 1995 The principles of radioactive waste management, outside(a) Atomic Energy Agency, ViennaJohns, R. A. and P. V. Roberts, 1991 A solute transport model for channelized flow in a fracture. Water Resources Res. 27(8) 1797-1808.Kueper, B. H. and D. B. McWhorter, 1991 The b ehavior of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids in fractured clay and rock, Ground Water, 295, 716-728Long, J. C. S., 1985 Verification and characterization of continuum behavior of fractured rock at AECL Underground Research Laboratory, Report BMI/OCRD-17, LBL-14975, Batelle Memorial Institute, OhioMcKay, L. D., J. A. Cherry and R. W. Gillham, 1993 Field experiments in a fractured clay till, 1. Hydraulic conductivity and fracture aperture, Water Resources Research, 294, 1149-1162 Mercer, J. W. and R. M. Cohen, 1990 A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface properties, models, characterization and remediation, J. of Contaminant Hydrology, 6, 107-163 Miller, C. T., M. M. Poirier-McNeill and A. S. Mayer, 1990 Dissolution of trapped nonaqueous phase liquids mass transfer characteristics, Water Resources Research, 2611, 2783-2796 Mutch, R. D. and J. I. Scott, 1994 Problems with the Remediation of Diffusion-Limited Fractured Rock Systems. Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation Theory and Application of Innovative Technologies. New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc.National Research Council, 1994 Alternatives for ground water cleanup, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.National Research Council, 1996 Rock Fracture and Fracture Flow Contemporary discretion and Applications, Committee on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. (in press).Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard, 1987 A model for hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow 1. Saturation-pressure relations, Water Resources Research, 2312, 2187-219610 Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard,1990 Determining three-phase permeability-saturation-pressure relations from two-phase system measurements, J. Pet. Sci. and Eng., 4, 57-65 Parker, B. L., R. W. Gillham and J. A. Cherry, 1994 Diffusive disappearance of immiscible-phase organic liquids in fractured geologic media, Ground Water, 325, 805-820 Powers, S. E., C. O. Loureiro, L. M. Abriola and W. J. Weber, Jr., 1991 Theoretical study of the significance of nonequilibrium dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquids in subsurface systems, Water Resources Research, 274, 463-477Pruess, K. and Y. W. Tsang, 1990 On two-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure of roughwalled rock fractures, Water Resources Research, 269, 1915-1926 Reitsma, S. and B. H. Kueper, 1994 Laboratory measurement of capillary pressure-saturation relationships in a rock fracture, Water Resources Research, 304, 865-878 Savage, D., 1995 The scientific and regulatory basis for the geological disposal of radioactive waste, John Wiley, New YorkSchuring, J. R., P. C. Chan and T. M. Boland, 1995 utilize pneumatic fracturing for in-situ remediation of contaminated sites, Remediation, 52, 77-90Norman R. Warpinski, 1991 Hydraulic fracturing in tight, fissured media, SPE 20154, J. Petroleum Technology, 432, 146-209Warren , J. E. and P. J. Root, 1963 The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs, Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 3, 245-255Wilkin s, M. D., L. M. Abriola and K. D. Pennell, 1995 An experimental investigating of rate-limited nonaqueous phase liquid volatilization in unsaturated porous media Steady state mass transfer, Water Resources Research, 319, 2159-2172Zimmerman, R. W., G. Chen, T. Hadgu and G S. Bodvarsson, 1993 A numerical dual-porosity model with semianalytical intervention of fracture/matrix flow, Water Resources Research, 297, 2127-2137

Child Abuse Research Paper Essay

Child abuse happens to infantren everyday as sad as it may sounds, and many babyren do not get to live a happy healthy life. Child abuse happens when a parent or other adult starts serious bodily or randy harm to a nipper. The most serious cause of child abuse stern end in the childs death. Children who may survive may suffer excited scars that linger long after the physical bruises have healed. Children who are abused are more likely to have problems building and maintaining relationships throughout their lives (Izenberg). They are likewise more likely to have start self-esteem, depression, thoughts of suicide, and other mental health issues (Lyness). The three most common types of child abuse are physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect of the child.First, when people think of child abuse, their first thought probably is of child abuse, such as, striking, kicking, or shaking a child. Physical abuse can also include, Abusive head trauma, or shaken baby syndrome, is a s pecific form of physical abuse. This is the leading cause of death in a child abuse case in the United States. Even though, most incidents last just a few seconds, thats enough time to cause brain damage or even kill a baby (Jong). Physical abuse is the most visible form of child maltreatment. Many times, physical abuse results from inappropriate or excessive physical discipline. Furthermore, a parent or care giver in anger may be asleep of the magnitude of force with which he or she strikes the child. Other factors that can contri yete to child abuse include parents immaturity, lack of parenting skills, poor childhood experiences and social isolation, as well as frequent crisis situations, drug or alcohol problem ad domestic violence (Children, Youth, and Families).A second type of abuse is neglect. default is any, or inaction on the part on a caregiver that causes a child physical or emotional harm. For example, withholding food, warmth in cold weather, or proper hovictimization is considered neglectful. Basically, anything that interferes with a childs growth and development constitutes neglect (Korfmacher). This also includesabandonment. This occurs when a child is left only for extended periods of time or suffers serious harm because no one was looking out for him or her. Another example of this are failing to house medical care when a child is injured or sick, locking a child in a closet or room, placing a child in dangerous situations that could be lead to physical injury or death (Sanders).A third time of child abuse is emotional abuse. mad abuse is maltreatment which results in impaired psychological growth and development. It involves words, actions, and indifferences (Jantz). Abusers constantly reject, ignore, belittle, dominate, and criticize the victims. This form of abuse may occur with or without physical abuse, but there is often an overlap (Garbarino). For example, emotional abuse is verbal abuse excessive demands on a childs performance penalizing a child for positive, normal behavior, such as smiling, mobility, exploration, vocalization, manipulation of objects discouraging caregiver and infant attachment penalizing a child for demonstrating signs of positive self-esteem and penalizing a child for using interpersonal skills needed for adequate performance in school and peer groups.Any type of child abuse is something a child so not have to go through. The effects of the emotional abuse alone are horrible. The consequences of emotional abuse can be serious and long-term (Rich). Many query studies conclude that psychopathologic symptoms are more likely to develop in emotionally abused children. These children may experience a lifelong pattern of depression, estrangement, anxiety, low self-esteem, inappropriate or even troubled relationships, or a lack of empathy. As for neglect, there are different types such as, physical neglect which is the ruin to provide adequate food, shelter, and clothing appropriate to the climatic and environment conditions. Another example is the failure to provide, whether intentional or otherwise, supervision or a honest person to provide child care (Brittain).Peer JournalsAmy Hahn (www.americanhumane.org)In this issue of Protecting Children, child welfare researchers and practitioners from across the Nation shares the lessons they learned from the National tonus Improvement Center on Non-Resident Fathers and the Child Welfare System (QIC NRF). The QIC NRF is a 5-year (2007-2011), federally funded project to promote knowledge development around engaging non-resident fathers of children conglomerate in the child welfare system, and the impact of that engagement on child safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Through a previously commissioned report entitled What nigh the Dads? and through the Child and Family Services Reviews, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services found evidence that very little meaningful engagement occurs between child welfar e system professionals and fathers of children involved in that system. The QIC NRF selected four sites to implement a model intervention known as Bringing Back the Dads, a peer-led, 20-week raceway for fathers. An evaluation was conducted to assess model fidelity, examine the barriers and strategies to overcome barriers surrounding the intervention, and measure outputs and outcomes related to non-resident fathers in the child welfare system.I came to understand the importance of sire through its absenceboth in my life and in the lives of others. I came to understand that the hole a man leaves when he abandons his responsibility to his children is one that no government can fill. President Barack ObamaDiversity is not about how many heads you count its about how much those heads count. Dr. Johnnetta Cole

Nursing as a Profession

treat as a Profession The Purpose of this paper is to discuss whether nurse is a c in alling ground on Pavalkos eight dimensions describing a affair. Firstly, we must understand the definition of a traffic before one tooshie accurately judge the validation of the breast feeding profession. According to Webster dictionary, the definition of a profession is a profession requiring specialized knowledge and often long academic preparation (Webster dictionary, 2008).The breast feeding profession is one that need specialized knowledge and homework. It also applies to an occupation that requires formal pedagogics or qualification. The breast feeding topic includes a even out of skills that combines flexibility, creativity, knowledge and communication that are learnt in a formal setting. As we analyze Pavalkos eight dimensions describing a profession, we will check it into the care for profession to justify or disprove if care for is truly a profession. A profession has releva nce to well-disposed values.The nursing profession is rooted in its ability to manage all people with their acquired skills. The nursing profession has the power to direct a big difference in todays health care system. They preach for the individuals and focuses non only on the treatment component of an individual, but also on nixion and health promotion. They also seek for the defend of human and legal rights and the securing of adequate care based on the notion that the tolerant has the right to define informed decisions ab by their health.According to nursing bars (2010) people value nurses but do not understand how confused the profession has become and how key nurses are to the health care. Nurses are devoted to enduring care and alliance involvement as a whole. The nursing profession provides various activities in the community as a whole such as volunteering for health related activities such as screening, blood drives and educational programs. They serve as employment models for health acts and healthy lifestyles. With these given attributes I believe the nursing rofession has relevance to social values. A profession has a training or educational period. There are various education preparations for the nursing exercising and it various based on the location, length of time, course work, clinical component, advance educational opportunities, and competencies on graduation. The three main type of educational programs that lead to licensure as an RN includes the parchment, associate degree, and bachelors degree programs. The diploma requires a basic nursing education in a 3-year, hospital based diploma school of nursing.The Associate degree nursing (ADN), based on a research project carried out by Dr Mildred Montag in the 1950s, at the time there was a shortage of nurses, and the project was created to meet the ineluctably of society by preparing nurses in less time than was required in diploma program (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lyn n, 2008). The bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) is geared towards building on a general educational base, with niggardliness on nursing at the upper level. All graduates of these programs are mandated to take an NCLEX-RN examination set by the board of nursing.It is much different from nursing school exams which are knowledge based. The NCLEX-RN exams are application based which test ones ability to be able to think hypercritically as to make nursing judgments. The nursing profession incorporates specialized skill and application of knowledge based on speculation and clinical behave components. It is also an evidence based practice based on research and not just intuition. Given these criteria, I believe the nursing field qualifies as a profession because of the training and educational period.Elements of self-motivation address the way in which the profession serves the patient or family and larger social system. The American Nurses Association (ANA) has been involved in ad vocating for health care reforms for many years, in order to guarantee high-quality health care for all. Today, with the increase cost of health care, under insured and uninsured individual there has been disparities in the quality and health care for individuals. The ANA saw the efforts of many registered nurses come to fruition, culminating in President Obamas write of H.R. 4872, The Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010 (McNamara, 2010). This reform allows for greater protection against losing and denial of health care coverage, and it also allows for better access to primary care, wellness and prevention programs which will keep the patient healthier. This reform serves as a real victory for the patient that the nursing profession serves. The ANA continues to be an advocate for building an affordable health care system that meets the needs of everyone (McNamara, 2010).In world where nurses are under hale to deliver production-line care, it express es the value of the soft aspect of caring that affect wellbeing (Wright, 2009). This attribute proves that the nursing profession is a profession that serves the patient and the larger social system. A profession has a code of ethics. paid ethics and codes of ethics are the primary elbow room for expressing the values and regulating the conduct of professionals in similitude to their invitees (Liaschenko, Peter, 2004). The ANA house of delegate adopted and first published the nursing code of ethics in the 1950s.It has so been altered and revised to meet the changes in the profession and in society. The Code is the foundation upon which registered nurses provide care, it provides a framework for decision-making and basically guides the action of the registered nurse (Rafferty, 2010). It is a non-negotiable ethical standard that expresses the nurses let understanding of commitment to the society. The nursing profession qualifies as a profession because it has a code of standard that guides its existence. A professional has a commitment to a lifelong work.The term nursing is derived from the word nurse, which means one that nourishes, foster, protect the sick, injured and restore health. The nursing profession is considered a career and not a job which involves commitment, promotes growth and increases various levels of responsibilities. The profession provides gratification for the individuals personal accomplishment rather than entirely from a paycheck. The nursing profession has four main aims that define it. They aim to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death.The nurses can successfully achieve these aims through acquired knowledge, skills and critical thinking in order to give care in a renewing of traditional and expanding nursing roles (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lynn, 2008). The nursing profession is a profession that has a commitment to a lifelong work. Members control their profession. The nursing profession is autonomous as the nursing board in each state has set up rules and guidelines that nurses are required to adhere strictly (Orem, 2008). There are numerous professional organization that set standards for the nursing practice and education.These entities are set up to help maintain the code of ethics that guides the nursing profession. The registered nurses work under professional and legislative control. The state board of each state set practice act for the registered nurse. These organizations helps to maintain the code of ethics, promote the registered nurse profession to the public, advocate for both the patient and different members of the organization and help to set a standard of practice for the profession. It also serves as a syllabus where ones voice can be heard.Organizations such as the American Nurses Association (ANA), The American Association of Critical-care nurses (AACN), The issue League for Nursing (NLN), The National Student Nurses Associ ation (NSNA) and the National Black Nurses Association (NBNA ) are just a few of the professional organization that plays a significant role in empowering nurses in the nursing profession and also helping to facilitate network. They educate its members to incorporate client interaction, personal interaction with the public, public speaking and community activities and participation in political activities to be effective in the field of nursing.Overall, I believe the nursing profession qualifies as a profession because it has members that control the profession. A Profession has theoretical framework on which professional practice is based. The nursing field has always been evidence based. The first nursing theory was born in the 1950s. In 1952, Dr. Hildegard Peplau published a nursing model that described the importance of the therapeutic relationship in health and wellness (Zerwekh and Claborn, 2009). Thereafter, different nursing theorist such as Martha Rogers, Dorothy Johnson, Nola Pender, Lydia hall, sister Callista Roy, Dorothea Orem, and BettyNeuman have contributed to theory based nursing. The Theory-based nursing is geared towards a common goal with the ultimate outcome resulting in improved patient care. It provides keen-sighted and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions, based on organized written description of what nursing is and what nurses do (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lynn, 2008). Members of a profession have a common identity and a distinctive subculture. In the past, nurses have been place by the white gown, shoe, cap and pin. They were identified mostly by how they look instead of what they did.The modern-day path emphasizes that it is not what is worn but what is done that reflects ones role in the nursing profession (Zerwekh and Claborn, 2009). The nursing profession has a distinctive subculture that is identifiable. These include affiliation with alumni association, student nurses association, and nursing honor societies or clubs. Involvements in such organization provides for social interaction and net workings in later years. The BSN nurse plays a variety of roles in relation to patient care such as being a caregiver, teacher, advocate, charabanc, colleague and expert.The role of the caregiver is the primary role of a nurse which includes promoting wellness through activities that prevent illness, restore health, pass away as a nurturer, comforter and provider, provide direct, promote comfort of client and showing concern for client welfare and acceptance of the client as an individual. As a teacher, the BSN nurse must use his or her communication skills to implement, asses, evaluate and execute individual teaching plan to meet the learning needs of the patient and the family (Zerwekh and Claborn, 2009).The role of the nurse as an advocate involves choosing the best plan of action on behalf of the client by making sure that their needs are met and protecting their human and legal right. They also provide dilate and understandable explanation and information to support the clients decision. The nurse as a manager helps to make decisions, plan, instruct, evaluate care, and coordinate activities and representation of the staff and health care facilities as needed. The role of a colleague is an important role in the nursing field.It deals with effective communication and conflict management amongst peers working towards a purposeful goal to provide adequate care for the client and former(a) synergy among other health care professionals. The nurse as an expert specializes in a specific area of practice acquired through advanced formal or informal education. They include researchers, clinician, educators, theorist and leaders within the nursing profession. They share information with other nurses through mentoring, continuing-education programs, writing articles and guest-speaking.Overall, the bsn nurse must embrace the roles that provide a wealth of knowledge about the ever evolving fi eld of nursing. In conclusion, the nursing profession is definitely a profession based on Pavalkos eight dimensions describing a profession. It has relevance to social values, requires training or educational period, self motivating to serve the patient and their family and the larger social system, guided by a code of ethics, commitment to a lifelong work, members control their profession, has a theoretical framework and have a common identity and a distinctive subculture.It is a true profession that is considered the largest and most powerful of all the health care professionals. References Ajiboye, Peace. (2010). Professions popular image. Nursing Standard, 24(25), 14. Liaschenko, J, axerophthol Peter, E. (2004). Nursing ethics and conceptualization of nursing profession, practice and work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(5), 488-95. McNamara, M. (2010, March 30). Anas nurses efforts pay off in historic health care cadence signing. 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