Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine

valet de chambre papillary tumor Virus Vaccine benignant papilloma computer computer virus vaccinumAbstractIdentifying valet de chambre papilloma viruses related to the pathogenesis of genus genus malignant neoplastic disease neck opening and producing vaccines against them offered hopes for primal stayion of genus Cancer cervix. Understanding the virus and the natural history of HPV contagious disease recom handsds the use of the vaccine. However debates on the compulsory use of the vaccine for preteen era effeminates delays the legislations wished. The aim of this essay is to review, briefly, HPV vaccination and spotlight the debate nigh how most-valuable it is as a preventive measure against give the axecer cervix. launchingIn 1842, Rigoni Stern presented his observation that nuns never irritate cervical genus Cancer to the 4th Congress of Italian Scientists. This pointed out the possibility that versedly genetical transmittance may be the cause of cervical cancer (Harper, 2004). Since then, galore(postnominal) types of human papilloma virus (HPV) were identified to cause certain human diseases. The most serious health problem with HPV is that it is an important causative factor for cancer cervix (types 6, 11, 16, 18) (Bishop and others, 2007). Virus transmission occurs through sexual abut and contagious disease may give no symptoms (silent infection). HPV infection is the commonest sexually transfer infection in the US, by the old age of 50, 80% of women in the US confine had the chance to catch infection ( matter Cancer Institute 2006). I living giving HPV vaccine to females between the ages of 9 to 26 because of the thinkable serious outcome of HPV infection as recommended by the advisory military commission on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on June 2006 (ACIP 2006). Therefore my essay is directed to p arnts and immature sexually diligent females to spotlight how serious the consequences of human papilloma virus infectio n can be and how important is their support to HPV vaccination.BackgroundPapilloma virus is a double strand circular desoxyribonucleic acid virus. The epithelial booths in certain tissues as the skin and the ano-genital tract are the organize cells of infection are. Papilloma virus capsids (outside capsule the likes of envelop close to the virus DNA) contain cardinal characteristic proteins (virally encoded proteins) called L1 and L2. These virally encoded proteins develop late in the infection cycle. These capsids are do of protein with L1 proteins having the intrinsic ability of self-assembly forming virus like particles (VLP) which are, in fact, empty capsids. The use of VLPs as a vaccine is because they are similar, immunologically, to the infecting virus (Bishop and others 2007).The question now is what happens when HPV infection occurs? The natural course (sequence of events) of infection takes three forms (Harper 2004). The first form is episomal infection (virus-latenc y or latent catamenia of HPV infection). The virions (small virus particles) transmitted from one epithelial surface (superficial cells) become committed to another epithelial surface. Virions, then, find its way to the deeper (radical) cells. Characteristic to this stage is the railroad tie with low virus copy numbers and that is the reason for missing HPV in routine histo-pathological scrapping examination. The second form is when the virus genome (DNA) copies itself faster than the host cell DNA. In this stage, the epithelium may show some metaplasia (cell character or order change). The tierce form occurs when high risk virus genome incorporates with basal cell DNA with the release of precancerous substances (CIN) (Harper 2004).Cervical cancer is the third cancer that affects the female genital tract in the US ( aft(prenominal) cancer ovary and carcinoma of the uterine endometrium). It is the eighth cancer if we look to all body organs. The relative relative incidence of ce rvical cancer shows ethnic variations, in American white females, the incidence is 8.6 each deoxycytidine monophosphate.000. In African-American females, it incidence is 13 each 100.000. In Asian-American females, it is 9.3 by 100.000, while in Hispanic (Latino) females the ratio is 14.7 each 100.000. The important reasons which predispose to cancer cervix are practicing sexual activity at an early age, multiple sexual partners, persistent infection with papilloma virus and cigarette smoking. The major factor affecting prognosis is early espial since the 5 years survival rate is 48% when disc everywhereed in late stages. The 5 years survival rate of preinvasive (early) cases is near 100% (Benedet and others 2001).A quadrivalent HPV vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, 18) developed, recently, and ratified by the FDA ( intellectual nourishment and Drug Administration) in June 2006. tally to FDA report in 2006, it is a significant step forward to prevent female HPV infection which is an imp ortant reason for developing cancer cervix (FDA News 2006). The vaccine is prepared from virus like particles (VLP) which lack DNA and therefore non infective combined with an adjuvant. The dose of vaccine is three intramuscular 0.5 ml doses with intervals of twain months after the first dose and six months after the second (Cutts and others 2007). The vaccine is recommended for females nine to 26 years old. Females of young age are vaccinated because it is important to give them the vaccine before sexual activity. Parent should be acknowledged that the vaccine is only prophylactic and ordain not prevent the disease caused by any type of HPV if infection with that type has already occurred. Pregnant females are discouraged of taking the vaccine as its impact on the unborn fetus needs pull ahead studies. Any female who is mildly ill can still get off the vaccine, but those who are moderately or impishly ill should dishearten the dose till they recover. Finally, those with known history of allergy to yeast (adjuvant) or to a previous dose of the vaccine should get the vaccine or following doses (ACIP 2006).DiscussionCons The debate against HPV vaccine is on four chief(prenominal) issues. First, knowing that health care authorities encourage HPV should legislations be made to make the vaccine a school mandate? HPV is not a causal or droplet infection such as measles or pertussis. It needs practices that are not usual at schools at such a young age. Therefore there is no immediate need to give the vaccine as a preschool requirement. The right of parents to refuse inoculate their daughters is the second issue. Third, is cost-effectiveness, as the price of the three doses is 360 US$, this raises the question of keep compulsory schoolgirls vaccination. Finally, as there is no vaccine that is secure or effective, should not we wait for further confirming studies (Weber 2007)? HPV vaccine side set up range from mild to severe. Mild side effects include dis tract at the site of nip (80%), redness or swelling at the site of injection (25%), mild fever (10%) and itching at the injection site (3.3%). Moderate fever i.e. 102 F occurs in 1 female vaccinated by 65. Severe risk may develop because of severe allergic reactions (ACIP 2006). However HPV vaccine does not have a alterative effect on a female that have the virus nor can it prevent the disease caused by that virus (ACIP 2006).The routine screening utilize Papinicolaou (pap) test to detect cervical precancer lesions succeeded in reducing the overall abate in cervical cancer incidence by 70% over the last 50 years (Guido 2004). Dungan, 2007, argues that it is better to educate women on safe sex and abstinence. Yearly pap test should not be discouraged. It qualification be better to improve these two lines than to show a vaccine without being aware its extensive-term effects or for how long does it provide rampart against the virus.Pros Epidemiological studies show that nearly 20 million men and women are infected with HPV in the US. Additionally about 6.2 million get infected each year, and 50% of sexually active men and women are HPV infected. Although HPV infection may cause no symptoms, yet infection is important for developing cancer cervix. Cancer cervix affect 10000 women in the US every year of them 3700 die of it (ACIP 2006).HPV vaccine is effective against two viruses blamed for about 70% of cases showing malignant transformation of cells (type 16, 18) and two more viruses that cause about 90% of benign genital warts (CIAP 2006). The vaccine is made of VLPs devoid of DNA and thus is not capable of producing a disease. The vaccine does not cause serious or life moody side effects (CIAP 2006). In addition, the vaccine is expected to give long term immunity (good immune memory) and therefore, it is likely to provide long-term protection (Stanley 2007).The vaccine is expensive, yet the cost of treatment of cancer cervix is a great deal higher. Stu dies showed that if the vaccine is effective against HPV type 16, 18 only, being immune saves 15.000 to 25000 US$. In addition, the US Health Department provides vaccination at minimum or no charge for those who cannot afford it (ACIP 2006).The prospects of HPV vaccination are notable. FDA approved the vaccine (FDA 2006) and both the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP 2006) and the National Cancer Institute (2006) advise giving it to females between 9 to 26 years old. For a roaring introduction of the vaccine, nationwide, there is the need for support of policy conclusiveness makers, healthcare professionals and the public specially parents and sexually active females. Therefore essential communication strategies are essential for a successful HPV vaccine program.ConclusionHuman papilloma virus vaccine contributes to improving the incidence of cervical cancer. Sex education and regular screening have proved relatively effective in preventing cancer cervix. Howev er, complying of all sexually active females to these measures is questionable. A decision of approving HPV vaccine is a decision of saving lives. For better efficacy, the vaccine has to be given before the age of sexual activity. Therefore filling the communication gap with parents is important. Making it needful needs state legislations which in turn need discussion with healthcare workers to solve the issues delaying legislations making the vaccine affordable to anyone irrespective of their social or economic status.ReferencesHarper, D.M (2004). Why am I scared of HPV (Editorial). CA Cancer J Clin, 54, 245-247.Bishop, B, Dasgupta, J, Klein, M, Garcea, R.L et al (2007). Crystal Structures of four types of human papilloma virus L1 capsid proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 43, 31803-31811.National Cancer Institute (2006). HPV- Vaccine Question and answers for the public. Retrieved 02/07/2008, from Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (2006).HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine What you need to know. Retrieved 02/07/2008, from Howe, H.L, Wu, X., Ries, L.A et al (2006). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer 1975-2003 featuring cancer among US Hispanic/Latino populations. Cancer, 107, 1643-1658.Benedet, J.L, Odicino, F, Maisonneuve, P et al (2001). Carcinoma of the cervix uteri. J Epidemiol Biostat, 6 (1), 7-43.FDA News (June 8, 2006). FDA Licenses New Vaccine for Prevention of Cervical Cancer and Other Diseases in females caused by human papilloma virus. US Food and Drug Administration, News. Retrieved 02/07/2008, from .Cutts, F.T, Franceschi, S, Goldie, X et al (2007). Human papilloma virus and HPV vaccines a review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85, 719-726.Weber, C.J (2007). Update on vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV). Urologic Nursing, 27 (4), 320-321.Guido, R (2004). Guidelines for screening and treatment of cervical disease in the adolescent. J pediatr Adolesc Gynaecol, 17, 303-311.Dungan, D (2007). Pros and c ons of HPV vaccine debate Gardasil form controversial despite FDA approval. Idaho Mountain Express. Retrieved 02/07/2008 from Stanley, M (2007). Prophylactic HPV vaccines. Journal of clinical Pathology, 60, 961-965.